Parental Migration and Rural Left-Behind Children’s Mental Health in China: A Meta-Analysis Based on Mental Health Test

Parental migration has been an important predictor of left-behind children’s developmental outcomes. Based on the ecological model of rural left-behind children’s development, we systematically reviewed studies related to rural left-behind children’s mental health in China and investigated left-behind children’s mental health and its influencing factors. Thirty-two studies involving 28,629 participants met the inclusion criteria were included in our meta-analysis to compare mental health of left-behind children and non-left-behind children. Twenty-two studies involving 8,634 participants were included in gender difference meta-analysis. The results indicated that left-behind children report more mental health problems than non-left-behind children, left-behind girls were confronted with higher level of mental health problems than left-behind boys, left-behind children in primary school and junior high school reported more mental health problems than those in senior high school, and self-guardian children have more serious mental health problems than children guarded by grandparents, former generation, and single parent. Implications for future practice were analyzed from family, school, and government perspectives.     

Effect of target animacy on hand preference in Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhinopithecus roxellana</Emphasis>)

Twenty-eight captive Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) were involved in the current study. Many individuals showed handedness, with a modest tendency toward left-hand use especially for animate targets, although no group-level handedness was found. There was no significant gender difference in the direction and strength of hand preference for both targets. Females showed a significantly higher overall rate of actions toward animate targets than inanimate targets for both hands, whereas males displayed almost the reversed pattern. There were no significant interactions between lateral hand use and target animacy for either males or females. Most individuals showed rightward or leftward laterality shift trends between inanimate and animate targets. These findings to some extent support the existence of a potential trend concerning a categorical neural distinction between targets demanding functional manipulation (inanimate objects) and those demanding social manipulation (animate objects), even though specialized hand preference based on target animacy has not been fully established in this arboreal Old World monkey species.     

Extraversion and Agreeableness: Divergent Routes to Daily Satisfaction With Social Relationships

We examined the unique effects of extraversion and agreeableness (and honesty‐humility) on everyday satisfaction with family, friends, romantic life, and acquaintances, and explored potential mediators of these effects. Three diary studies (Ns = 206, 139, 185) were conducted on Singaporean university students. In Studies 1 and 2, participants rated their satisfaction with different relationship categories. In Study 3, participants rated their satisfaction and social interactions with 10 target individuals each day for a 1‐week period. Both extraversion and agreeableness predicted relationship satisfaction. However, the effect of extraversion was mediated by greater levels of trust in others, whereas the effect of agreeableness was mediated by less frequent negative exchanges (e.g., criticism, perceived anger, and perceived neglect). The effect of honesty‐humility on negative exchanges was similar to agreeableness. When both were entered as predictors, only the effect of honesty‐humility was significant. We discuss how the processes by which personality affect relationship satisfaction vary depending on the trait as well as the particular measure that is used (IPIP NEO PI‐R, California Q‐Set, and IPIP‐HEXACO).     

Inserting mastered targets during error correction when teaching skills to children with autism

Research has identified a variety of effective approaches for responding to errors during discrete‐trial training. In one commonly used method, the therapist delivers a prompt contingent on the occurrence of an incorrect response and then re‐presents the trial so that the learner has an opportunity to perform the correct response independently. Some authors recommend inserting trials with previously mastered targets between the prompted response and opportunities to respond independently, but no studies have directly examined the benefits of this approach. In this study, we manipulated the placement of trials with mastered targets during discrete‐trial training to compare the effectiveness of error correction with and without this recommended insertion procedure. Four children with autism participated, and each was taught 18 targets across 3 target sets. Results indicated that embedding trials with mastered targets into error correction may not confer benefits for most children and that doing so may lead to less efficient instruction.     

Understanding the shear band interaction in metallic glass

Qualitative and quantitative models were proposed to understand the shear band (SB) interaction scenario found in the compressive tests on specimen with two symmetrical semi-circular notches. The so-called ‘work-hardening’ behavior could be ascribed as the stress interaction which was caused by stress fields around the SB tips. Besides, the SB bending was observed along propagation orientation. The quantitative analysis based on traditional shear deformation mechanism could reasonably account for how the SB was bent. It is anticipated that the present work could provide a pathway to understand the deep SB deformation mechanism of metallic glass.     

Leadership emergence in task groups with egalitarian gender-role expectations

Although they differ in their explanations of the antecedents of gender-role expectations, gender role and expectation states theories agree that mixed-sex and initially leaderless task groups will confirm these expectations by selectively reinforcing male task participation and leadership emergence. Based upon this assumption held in common by the two theories, we hypothesized that groups whose members expressed significantly egalitarian gender-role expectations would reinforce male and female task participation and leadership emergence impartially. Analysis of data from 31 mixed-sex groups whose members expressed significantly egalitarian gender-role expectations, and who were racially and ethnically homogeneous, found that males participated more in group discussions and were more likely to be selected as task leaders. Male advantages were explained only partly by token effects and their advantages in task resources. Implications are suggested for theories of male and female role performance in initially leaderless groups.     

恐惧情绪对大鼠学习记忆的影响

通过对４组不同处理背景动物操作条件学习的实验研究,观察强噪音下恐惧情绪对动物学习、记忆的影响以及怎样通过系统脱敏来减少恐惧在其中的作用。结果发现：恐惧组大鼠的操作条件学习具有第一次联系（健盘与食物之间）成功所需时间短、旧技能遗忘快、重新学习次数多和学习成绩差等特征;恐惧组大鼠与学习无关的恐惧行为增多,严重干扰学习的控制加工过程,影响学习任务完成;强噪音脱敏组大鼠学习过程、学习成绩的各项指标与控制组无差异。     

加速凋亡引入肿瘤的进程

细胞凋亡被引入肿瘤研究的实践,使人们走出对细胞无限增殖的困惑,开始关注增殖与调亡的平衡,从而找出一条攻克肿瘤的新途径,这是认识的一次飞跃。而进一步发展凋亡理论,确切地完全阐明凋亡机制,建立起理性的肿瘤凋亡基因疗法,用理论批导实践,将是认识的一次更大飞跃。鉴于这一过程的艰巨和复杂性,只有基础医学院理论和肿瘤临床密切合作,合力攻关,才能加速其进程,攻克这一危害人类的凶险顽症。     

大脑两半球对McCollough效应敏感性的比较研究

本实验通过对大脑两半球对McCollough效应敏感性的比较研究,探索了心理科学的最新发展之一——大脑两半球不对称性研究的新途径。 实验以正常右利手人为被试。采用单侧视野呈现技术,在控制眼动的情况下,探索了大脑两半球在McCollough效应形成过程中的差异问题及有关问题,并取得了较为可靠的实验材料。实验结果表明:1.大脑两半球对McCollo-ugh效应的敏感性是不同的,大脑右半球对McCollough效应的敏感性高于左半球。2.在双眼适应与单眼适应条件下的比较,被试两侧视野所见的McColl-ough效应彩度值的差值有显著差异。3.男性被试两侧视野所见的McCollou-gh效应彩度值的差值略高于女性被试。4.在同等条件下,女性被试较之于男性被试容易产生更大的McCollough效应。     

神经症患者MMPI模式特点的研究

本研究总结了1112例神经症患者MMPI测查结果,探讨了神经症患者MMPI的模式特点。研究结果表明,本症患者除K、Mf-f分外其余量表原始分均显著高于常模。以中国T分60为界,大部分神经症患者都表现在1、2、3、7量表上升高,两点编码模式为12/21、13/31、23/32或27/72型。其基本符合率和完全符合率在70％以上。本文还探讨了神经症各型的编码特点,它与临床表现相符。故作者认为MMPI对神经症患者的心理状态和心理特征评定和描述,可为本症的诊断和心理治疗提供较为客观的依据。