关于小学儿童算术策略的理论及研究

关于儿童算术策略的研究一直是国内外心理学家关心的热点．围绕着儿童算术认知策略的发现、选择和运行机制,心理学家提出了表征翻译理论和竞争淡判理论．同时心理学家还提出了几种算术认知策略的理论模型。进行儿童算术认知策略研究的经典方法主要是精密时计法和口语报告法,采用的研究任务范式主要是产生式任务和验证式任务。题目结构类型、工作记忆广度和数位概念等因素影响儿童算术策略的使用。近几年,有关小学儿童算术认知策略的研究得到了长足发展。     

中学生成就目标相关因素的发展研究

探索了影响中学生成就目标各因素间的相互关系及其对学业成绩的影响,并就此提出一个中学生学业活动的简洁模式。(1)中学生的认知参与和能力知觉、成就目标之间极显著正相关,学业焦虑和认知参与、能力知觉、成就目标之间显著负相关;两成就目标间的相关不显著;(2)能力知觉、认知参与、学业焦虑是学业成绩的有效预测因子。     

前瞻记忆的自评和延时特点

前瞻记忆的自评和延时研究目前由于实验任务的不同结果差异很大。该文采用由前瞻记忆自我评价题目构成的并且包含前瞻记忆任务的测验材料,探索了前瞻记忆研究的一种新方法,研究了可能影响前瞻记忆的几个因素。结果发现,0延时与其它延时(7min,17min,27min,57min)均有显著差异,其它各延时之间没有显著差异,年龄对前瞻记忆和前瞻记忆自我评价均有显著影响,前瞻记忆与性别、人格、智力、回溯记忆没有显著相关。     

内部竞争环境下内群体偏好的维持:群体认同和心理距离的影响

内群体偏好对群体及个人的生存发展都有重要价值。研究通过三个实验揭示了个体在内部竞争下维持内群体偏好的机制。实验一操纵内部竞争(有,无)和群体认同(高,低),发现内部竞争破坏了内群体偏好,而群体认同无法改变此破坏作用。实验二操纵内部竞争(有,无)和内群体心理距离(远、近),发现内部竞争破坏内群体偏好时,心理距离能够调节二者的关系,近心理距离有益于个体在内部竞争下维持内群体偏好。实验三进一步分析了心理距离维持内群体偏好的作用机制,发现心理距离通过个体知觉到的内部竞争感而影响内群体偏好。据此可认为,在内部竞争中维持内群体偏好需更多地关注成员间的关系(缩短心理距离),而非单纯地强调个体和群体间的联结(群体认同)。     

Promoting Insight in Scientific Innovation: The Effects of Function-Construction Maps

Although research from a range of fields indicates the importance of innovation for progress in those fields, there is not yet a set of best practices for promoting insights that lead to scientific innovation. This article proposes and tests the hypothesis that function-construction maps based on prototype and heuristic theory lead to increased insight in college students. The study selected scientific innovation materials from an experimental materials database, extracted the underlying prototype solutions, and added redundant information as a condition for testing student insight and problem-solving ability. Results indicated that redundant innovation material tested reasoning ability more effectively than did nonredundant material, that this effect only appeared in the absence of function-construction maps, and that student insight was enhanced only when students were taught to extract function-construction maps from the material and were allowed to get their bearings by accessing the test questions before the prototypes.     

再谈洛阳唐朝景教经幢的几个问题

新发现的《大秦景教宣元至本经及幢记》石经幢提供了关于唐朝景教经典与教徒的重要资料。本文将此经幢后半部分《经幢记》中记录的洛阳大秦寺三位来自中亚米国和康国的高级教士,与西安《米继芬墓志》中的大秦寺僧思圆联系对比,并且初步考察了《经幢记》中记录的移居洛阳的一个安国景教家族,证实8-9世纪景教已经在中亚地区具有相当的基础,移居唐朝的粟特人中不仅确有信仰景教者,而且东都洛阳的景教领袖全部是粟特人。     

“《道德经》版本（文物）展”展品介绍之三

在香港、北京举办的"《道德经》版本(文物)展"上,国家图书馆为展览提供了206件(组)展品,其中一级文物5件(组)。展品包括石刻拓片、敦煌遗书中的唐     

The Influence of Visually Dangerous Information on Imitation in Children

Abstract

Previous studies have demonstrated that when perceiving the actions of another agent, individuals will automatically imitate those observed actions. This study investigated how children’s imitation of physical actions was influenced by either visually neutral or visually dangerous information. Participants were presented with a series of pictures in which an agent was reaching towards either a neutral object or a dangerous object. Results showed that the imitation effect occurred when the agent was observed reaching and grasping a neutral object. However, this effect was not present when the agent’s hand was observed reaching towards or grasping, the non-handle side of a dangerous object. These results suggest children can predict potential behavioral consequences and adjust their imitative action depending on the perceived danger of the action.     

社会与政治运动理论:框架与反思

本文在与美国主流社会与政治运动理论进行对话和点评的基础上,全面而简要地介绍了西方社会与政治运动理论的基本分析框架、理论要点、研究方法和发展趋势,尤其是西方社会运动理论和革命理论发展的内在逻辑,以及作者本人基于多年学术研究实践基础上的反思。只有面对中国自己的真问题,才能发展出一套与西方既有理论既能对话,又有所超越的、中国学者自己的社会与政治运动理论。