Reaping the Rewards of Diversity: The Role of Identity Integration

How does diversity affect individuals and the groups in which they are embedded? This article examines this question using recent theory and research on Identity Integration (II). II refers to an individual's perceptions about whether two distinct social identities, or social groups to which individuals belong, are viewed as compatible (high II) or not (low II). A review of extant research suggests that individuals with high II are better at simultaneously accessing multiple identities and identity‐related knowledge and have improved well‐being and social outcomes. Expanding on this work, we argue that individuals who have higher II, and social collectives that foster II within their members, are more likely to reap the benefits of diversity.     

大学生成就目标与主观幸福感的关系研究

目的：探讨大学生成就目标与主观幸福感的关系。方法：采用成就目标量表、主观幸福感量表整群抽样调查247名大学生。结果：①来自乡村的大学生的掌握目标显著高于来自城镇的大学生,女生的成绩回避目标显著高于男生。②掌握目标与积极情感显著正相关,与消极情感显著负相关;成绩接近目标与生活满意度、积极情感显著正相关;成绩回避目标与消极情感显著正相关。③掌握目标正向预测积极情感,负向预测消极情感;成绩接近目标正向预测生活满意度和积极情感;成绩回避目标正向预测消极情感,负向预测积极情感。结论：掌握目标和成绩接近目标有利于主观幸福感,成绩回避目标不利于主幸福感。     

Promoting Insight in Scientific Innovation: The Effects of Function-Construction Maps

Although research from a range of fields indicates the importance of innovation for progress in those fields, there is not yet a set of best practices for promoting insights that lead to scientific innovation. This article proposes and tests the hypothesis that function-construction maps based on prototype and heuristic theory lead to increased insight in college students. The study selected scientific innovation materials from an experimental materials database, extracted the underlying prototype solutions, and added redundant information as a condition for testing student insight and problem-solving ability. Results indicated that redundant innovation material tested reasoning ability more effectively than did nonredundant material, that this effect only appeared in the absence of function-construction maps, and that student insight was enhanced only when students were taught to extract function-construction maps from the material and were allowed to get their bearings by accessing the test questions before the prototypes.     

Open or close the door to the outgroup? Diversity beliefs moderate the impact of group boundary permeability on attitudes toward the outgroup

The present research investigated the moderating role of diversity beliefs with the aim of reconciling inconsistent findings regarding the impact of group boundary permeability on attitudes toward outgroup. In Study 1, all variables were measured with self‐report scales completed by Chinese participants. In Study 2, diversity beliefs were manipulated by randomly assigning Chinese participants to a high or low diversity belief condition. In Study 3, we replicated the moderating model with American participants. Results of all three studies indicated that diversity beliefs moderated the relationship between group boundary permeability and attitudes toward outgroup. Individuals with high diversity beliefs held more positive attitudes toward the outgroup when the group boundary was permeable (vs. impermeable). Conversely, individuals with low diversity beliefs held more negative attitudes toward the outgroup when the group boundary was permeable (vs. impermeable). These findings suggest that when the inflow of the outgroup members is inevitable, attitudes toward the outgroup may be effectively improved by increasing diversity beliefs.     

Cultural group perception enhances sense of agency in a multicultural society

Group, which involves collective actions for achieving shared goals, can be conceptually understood as an important source of agency and control. The current research investigated whether group identity salience can enhance sense of agency within the individual. Specifically, we examined whether an activated cultural group identity, through presenting different types of cultural photographs in a predictable way, would facilitate people's sense of agency by using an implicit method, namely, intentional binding effect paradigm. Experiment 1a found that an activated cultural group identity enhanced the sense of agency. Next, Experiment 1b replicated the findings by recruiting a different ethnic group in the same society. Experiment 2 explored what may affect the intensity of induced sense of agency and found that perceived representativeness of the presented cultural stimuli was positively correlated with the intensity of induced sense of agency. Finally, Experiment 3 explored whether ethnic minority and majority groups would demonstrate different intensity of agency when their cultural identity was activated. The results showed that the sense of agency induced by the mainstream cultural stimuli was greater than that induced by the foreign cultural photographs. These patterns were not different between the two ethnic groups. Taken together, these findings reflected the dynamic nature of cultural identity construction in a multicultural society.     

Optimal cue aggregation in the absence of criterion knowledge

The study of multi‐cue judgment investigates how decision makers aggregate cues to predict the value of a criterion variable. We consider a multi‐cue judgment task in which decision makers have prior knowledge of inter‐cue relationships but are ignorant of how the cues correlate with the criterion. In this setting, a naive judgment strategy prescribes weighting the cues equally. Although many participants are well described via an equal weighting scheme, we find that a substantial minority of participants make predictions consistent with a weighting scheme based on a low‐dimensional projection of the cue space that optimally takes into account inter‐cue correlations. The use of such a weighting scheme is consistent with minimizing maximal error in prediction when the cue‐criterion relationships are unknown.     

内部竞争环境下内群体偏好的维持:群体认同和心理距离的影响

内群体偏好对群体及个人的生存发展都有重要价值。研究通过三个实验揭示了个体在内部竞争下维持内群体偏好的机制。实验一操纵内部竞争(有,无)和群体认同(高,低),发现内部竞争破坏了内群体偏好,而群体认同无法改变此破坏作用。实验二操纵内部竞争(有,无)和内群体心理距离(远、近),发现内部竞争破坏内群体偏好时,心理距离能够调节二者的关系,近心理距离有益于个体在内部竞争下维持内群体偏好。实验三进一步分析了心理距离维持内群体偏好的作用机制,发现心理距离通过个体知觉到的内部竞争感而影响内群体偏好。据此可认为,在内部竞争中维持内群体偏好需更多地关注成员间的关系(缩短心理距离),而非单纯地强调个体和群体间的联结(群体认同)。     

物体位置与空间关系的心理表征

外界环境中物体位置与空间关系在记忆中如何表征,一直是空间认知研究领域探讨和争论的热点问题。该文从空间表征的参照框架、朝向特异性、组织结构和存储内容四个方面,系统回顾了近年来对空间表征形成机制与内在特征的理论探讨。在此基础上,进一步讨论了当前空间表征研究中存在的生态效度问题,以及以后将虚拟环境技术引入到空间认知研究中的发展趋势     

现代化与后现代化的两难抉择——当代新儒家的理论困境及其出路

在中西文化问题上,由于当代新儒家采取了理性主义态度,从而使其不仅不是文化保守主义的,而且也没有陷入传统与现代之间的纠结。当代新儒家在"如何在中国实现代化,而又要避免西方现代化弊端"的问题意识中,既表现出强烈的现代性,又具有显明的后现代品格。由于当代新儒家对中西文化的不平等定位,在某种程度上加大了现代化与后现代化之间的理论冲突。但这种冲突并不是不可克服的,因为在当代新儒家身上有一种优秀的后现代品质,即理性主义的文化态度,而这一点与建设性的后现代主义表现出极大的一致性。只要当代新儒家能够继续以开放的、多元的、理性的文化态度来审视现代化与后现代化的问题,就可以像建设性的后现代主义一样,把现代性与后现代性统一起来。