从危重症胃肠保护看中医保胃气的意义

本文联系危重症患者胃肠功能障碍病理机制及胃肠保护的地位,追溯中医胃气的概念及中医"保胃气"渊源,提出保胃气是从整体出发制定的急救措施,进一步指出胃气复,脾胃气机升降协调是疾病好转的前提;保胃气有助于恢复胃肠动力,有助于危重病患者的营养支持及药效发挥.     

7-9岁汉、藏、东乡、保安、裕固、哈萨克族儿童语义理解的比较研究

本报告运用三种不同类型的汉语语句,测试六个民族儿童对汉语语义理解的结果表明:(1)在双语教育环境中,六个民族7—9岁儿童对三类句型的理解,由于动机因素的不同,影响第二语言的学习效果。(2)在口语与书面语的转换关系上,无本族文字的民族儿童,学习汉语教材是初次接触到书面语言。(3)文化发展的差异,不仅存在于不同地区的民族之间,而且也存在于不同地区的同一民族之内。(4)进一步分析少数民族儿童使用双语的具体特点,可作为解决双语教育的一个关键问题进行研究。     

系统脱敏法治疗大鼠恐怖症研究

系统脱敏法对矫治恐怖症的行为障碍具有良好的效果,但是对伴随恐怖症同时存在的生理、生化方面的病态反应的治疗未见报告。实验中采用噪音逐步递增的方法使大鼠慢慢适应,分别测量治疗过程中大鼠惊恐、焦虑性行为、生理行为、生化等方面的变化。结果表明：系统脱敏法不仅有效地矫治大鼠的变态行为,对生物学方面具有明显的疗效,而且可以提高动物的应激适应能力。     

影响被告人供述的因素及其对策的研究

以１９５名执法人员和１８５名服刑犯人为被试,采用问卷法研究了影响被告人供述的因素以及相应的对策建议。结果表明：（１）有１０种因素被认为对被告人未能形成供述动机有影响作用,有９种因素被认为对被告人形成如实供述动机有影响作用,其中,执法人员所认为的影响作用基本上都比服刑犯人所认为的要大,同时,双方具有各自的倾向性;（２）有１５种因素被认为对愿意供述的被告人未能如实供述可能存在影响作用,其中６种因素确实有一定的影响;（３）有９种对策被普遍认为对解决被告人不愿供述问题有效,有１０种对策被认为对解决愿意供述的被告人未能如实供述的问题有效,同时,执法人员和服刑犯人在关于对策有效性的评价上具有互补性。     

双眼立体视觉的信息加工Ⅰ.视差和空间频谱的关系

本文分三部分;也是三个步骤: Ⅰ.根据视差用计算机产生立体图对; Ⅱ.立体图对的空间频谱; Ⅲ.视差和空间频谱的关系。 得到一些结果: 1.具有视差的立体图对的空间频谱高峰有相对的位移。 2.移动的偏向和三维物体离观察者的远近有关,如果是一个单调变化的物体,则离人近的一侧频谱高峰向高频方向移,离人远的一侧向低频方向移。 3.移动的多少是和三维物体的平均深度变化率有关,变化率愈大移得愈多。 4.高峰的峰值则和三维物体的绝对深度有关。     

离经叛道的“科学家”（二）

苏联解体后，人们精神空虚，社会上人心涣散，一片混乱。伪科学借此大行其道，一些不学无术的骗子，傲慢地夸夸其谈，以“新科学”的名义到处张扬，新闻媒体推波助澜。这些声称离经叛道的“科学家”构成了俄罗斯近几年来，伪科学强大的、有组织的努力。     

The development of spontaneous trait inferences about the actor and spontaneous trait transferences about the informant: Evidence from children aged 8–13 years

In social‐cognitive research, little attention has been paid to the developmental course of spontaneous trait inferences about the actor (STIs about the actor) and spontaneous trait transferences about the informant (STTs about the informant). Using a false recognition paradigm, Study 1 investigated the developmental course of STIs and Study 2 investigated the developmental course of STTs, comparing 8‐, 9‐, 10‐, 11‐, 12‐ and 13‐year olds. The results of Study 1 showed that 8‐year olds could make STIs about the actor, and the magnitude of STIs increased from ages 8 to 10 years, stabilised at the age of 10, 11, 12 years, and decreased from ages 12 through 13 years. The results of Study 2 showed that 8‐year olds could make STTs about the informant, and the magnitude of STTs did not vary with age. In all age groups, the magnitude of STIs about the actor was greater than that of STTs about the informant.     

Telling young children they have a reputation for being smart promotes cheating

The present research examined the consequences of telling young children they have a reputation for being smart. Of interest was how this would affect their willingness to resist the temptation to cheat for personal gain as assessed by a temptation resistance task, in which children promised not to cheat in the game. Two studies with 3‐ and 5‐year‐old children (total N = 323) assessed this possibility. In Study 1, participants were assigned to one of three conditions: a smart reputation condition in which they were told they have a reputation for being smart, an irrelevant reputation control condition, or a no reputation control condition. Children in the smart reputation condition were significantly more likely to cheat than their counterparts in either control condition. Study 2 confirmed that reputational concerns are indeed a fundamental part of our smart reputation effect. These results suggest that children as young as 3 years of age are able to use reputational cues to guide their behavior, and that telling young children they have a positive reputation for being smart can have negative consequences.     

Verbal–spatial IQ discrepancies impact brain activation associated with the resolution of cognitive conflict in children and adolescents

Verbal–spatial discrepancies are common in healthy individuals and in those with neurodevelopmental disorders associated with cognitive control deficits including: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Non‐Verbal Learning Disability, Fragile X, 22q11 deletion, and Turner Syndrome. Previous data from healthy individuals suggest that the magnitude of the difference between verbal IQ (VIQ) and performance IQ (PIQ) scores (the VIQ>PIQ discrepancy) is associated with reduced thickness in frontal and parietal cortices (inferior frontal, anterior cingulate, inferior parietal lobule, and supramarginal gyrus) that support cognitive control. Unknown is whether the VIQ>PIQ discrepancy is associated with functional deficits in these areas in healthy or ill children and adolescents. We assessed the effects of the VIQ>PIQ discrepancy on fMRI BOLD response during the resolution of cognitive conflict in 55 healthy children and adolescents during performance of a Simon Spatial Incompatibility task. As the magnitude of the VIQ>PIQ discrepancy increased, activation of fronto‐striatal, limbic, and temporal regions decreased during conflict resolution (p < .05, corrected). In exploratory analyses, the VIQ>PIQ discrepancy was associated with reduced functional connectivity from right inferior frontal gyrus to right thalamus and increased functional connectivity to right supramarginal gyrus (ps < .03, uncorrected). The VIQ>PIQ discrepancy may be an important aspect of an individual's cognitive profile and likely contributes to, or is associated with, deficient cognitive control processes characteristic of many childhood disorders.     

Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with negatively variable impacts on domains of female sexual function: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis

To systematically review the literature to identify the impact of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on specific female sexual function domains. A meta-analysis was performed and the related literature were searched in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CNKI, CBM and Web of Science databases, and in reference lists of articles and systematic reviews. Score of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) was used as the outcome measurement, and mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Five studies were included, including 346 women with RA and 237 healthy female controls. Each domain of the FSFI score: lubrication (MD, ?2.48; 95% CI, ?3.69, ?1.28), orgasm-1.71 (?2.09, ?1.33), sexual desire-1.27 (?1.59, ?0.95), satisfaction-1.67 (?2.18, ?1.16), arousal-1.83 (?2.85, ?0.82), pain-1.57 (?2.43, ?0.70) and the total score ?8.84 (?11.88, ?5.79) were lower in RA women than healthy controls. Furthermore, lubrication dimension was most severely affected especially. This meta-analysis showed that female RA patients scored lower in each dimension of FSFI, mostly in the lubrication domain. It demonstrated that targeted interventions should be done to improve their sexual function. Future well-designed researches with larger sample sizes are necessary to evaluate the potential risk factors which determine female sexual dysfunction.