汉字词特征语义提取的实验研究

本研究运用语义判断的方法,对汉字词特征语义的提取做了初步的探讨,被试是28名大学生。实验结果表明,汉字形声字的义符在汉字词定义特征语义提取中有重要作用,在义符与词义一致时,能加速词的定义特征语义的提取。义符对词的特有特征的语义提取无作用,而特有特征的强度能很好地预测提取时间。本研究还发现,词的熟悉性和该词距其上属的语义距离对词的定义特征的语义提取亦有重要影响。     

四组中国被试的归因在维度上相对位置的评定

本文研究了中国被试对十项归因(心境、技巧、知识、机会、努力、帮助、能力、任务、偏好和运气)在五个维度(基源性、稳定性、控制性、预见性和普遍性)上相对位置的评定。并与钱德拉等人(Cbandler & Spies,1984),用美国被试所得的结果进行了比较。实验结果表明中国被试与美国被试评定的一致性达62%。此外,没有一项归因的评定是在维度的极端等极(1.0-2.0或6.0-7.0)。     

特殊青少年感觉寻求特质的研究

本文对优秀少年、少年犯和普通少年进行了感觉寻求特质、认知复杂性、棒框测验和心率的研究。旨在检验和证实F.Farley的有关理论:高感觉寻求者由于寻求刺激方式的不同而具有两种不同的行为倾向;并深入探讨不同少年的认知和生理特点。实验结果表明,少年犯和优秀少年比普通少年具有更高的感觉寻求倾向。优秀少年和少年犯寻求刺激的方面是不同的。优秀少年的认知复杂性分数较高,并倾向于场独立性特征,对新异刺激倾向于朝向反射特点;少年犯则具有较低的认知复杂性和场依存性特征。     

韦氏儿童智力量表中国修订本(WISC-CR)的因素分析

本研究用主成分分析和α因素分析两种方法对韦氏儿童智力量表中国修订本(WISC-CR)以及原量表WISC-R常模进行因素分析,并采用斜交旋转对初始因子矩阵进行转轴处理。结果表明:三因子模型比较符合WISC-CR的结构。常识、类同、词汇和理解四个分测验主要负荷言语理解因子;填图、图片排列、积木、拼图和迷津五个分测验主负荷知觉组织因子;而算术、背数和译码三个分测验主要负荷记忆/不分心因子。WISC-CR与WISC-R各分测验所负荷的各种因子一致性。83-.971,说明WISC-CR保持了原量表的功能,具有较好的结构效度。     

汉语的语境信息对抽象句和具体句回忆的影响

本实验用汉语材料进行实验,考察了语境信息对抽象句和具体句回忆的影响。在实验Ⅰ中抽象目标句和具体目标句镶嵌在随机语境或主题语境中。在随机语境条件下,被试对具体句比抽象句具有较好的回忆成绩;而在主题语境下,两种类型的句子之间的回忆成绩没有差异,具体性效应消失。实验Ⅱ增加了部分整合语境,在这种条件下,构成语境的主要名词与主题语境相同,但没有形成一个完整的主题。结果发现适当的语境对抽象句的回忆有促进作用,部分整合语境的促进作用位于随机语境和主题语境之间。语境对具体句的回忆没有影响。这一结果支持了语境有效模型。     

Chicks Injected with Antisera to either S-100α or S-100β Protein Develop Amnesia for a Passive Avoidance Task

The cellular expression of S-100β protein is upregulated in Alzheimer's disease and in Down's syndrome, and this protein has been implicated in memory-related processes in laboratory animals. However, the possibility that the α subunit of S-100 is also involved in memory has not yet been examined. In the present study, day-old black Australorp white Leghorn cockerel chicks (Gallus domesticus) received injections of monoclonal antisera to S-100α (1:50) or S-100β (1:500) into each hemisphere immediately after training on a one-trial passive avoidance task. The chicks displayed significantly lower retention levels than control birds that had been injected with antisera to carbonic anhydrase, or with saline (p< .01). S-100α antisera had an amnestic effect when injected between 0 and 20 min after training, with memory deficits occurring from 30 min postlearning, at the point of transition between the A and the B phases of the Gibbs-Ng intermediate memory stage. By contrast, the S-100β antisera needed to be injected either 5 min before or immediately after training and produced amnesia 10 min earlier, at the start of the A phase of the intermediate memory stage. We conclude that the two subunits of the S-100 protein are required at different points in the sequence of events leading to the consolidation of passive avoidance memory.     

Cortical maps for hearing and egocentric selection for self-organization

The auditory cortex of the mustached bat shows complex multiple frequency maps, because cortical neurons in several areas are tuned to particular combinations of signal elements. Different types of combination-sensitive neurons form computational maps in which information-bearing parameters for echolocation (biosonar) are represented systematically. Neuronal response properties and multiple-frequency and computational maps were considered to be created solely by divergent-convergent interactions of neurons in the 'ascending' system. However, we have found that the 'corticofugal' system also plays an important role. Neurons in an iso-best frequency (or echo delay) 'minicolumn' of the auditory cortex augment the auditory responses of subcortical neurons tuned to that frequency (or echo delay) and sharpen their tuning. At the same time, they reduce the response and shift the tuning of subcortical neurons tuned to other frequencies (or echo delays) away from the best frequency (or delay) of the cortical neurons. Cortical neurons mediate a highly focused positive feedback, incorporated with widespread lateral inhibition, via corticofugal projections. This 'egocentric selection' is expected to play an important role in self-organizing the central auditory system.     

快速书写条件下硬笔笔迹变量与认知及个性特征的关系

以圆珠笔为书写工具．北京市某中学高一学生为被试,有效数据169人．探讨了在快速抄写条件下,笔迹书写特征与认知及个性的关系：18个笔迹变量可抽取笔压、结构、特征、字体和空间五个反映字的书写特征的因素;书写特征与认知因素间,横、竖笔压与概念形成速度。整篇压与视力追踪、字位与眼手协调相关显著;横笔压与16PF测验中的畏缩退怯——冒险敢为有正相关;竖笔压与艾森克个性因素的N有高相关。     

四卡问题的内容促进效应的实验研究

本研究设计了２种抽象材料和４种具体材料的四卡问题,对４３６名大学生进行测试,以考察被试解决四卡问题时所采用的思维方式并检验命题内容对推理的影响。结果表明,四卡问题十分困难,具体内容的四卡问题并不能产生促进效应,大学生的推理表现出“匹配偏向”的特点。     

群体绩效和团队效能研究的新进展

近几年来 ,在群体和团队方面的研究比较活跃 ,并取得了不少新的进展。本文在近几年的国内外文献的基础上 ,着重讨论几个与群体绩效有关的长期存在的问题 ,主要包括群体构成、凝聚力、激励、领导、群体目标等因素。同时探讨团队与组织之间的内在联系。然后 ,讨论团队效能研究中的几个开放性问题 ,以及将来研究的新动向新趋势。最后 ,对影响团队效能的几个关键的调节因素作一简要的讨论。