Task difficulty modulates brain-behavior correlations in language production and cognitive control: Behavioral and fMRI evidence from a phonological go/no-go picture-naming paradigm

Language production and cognitive control are complex processes that involve distinct yet interacting brain networks. However, the extent to which these processes interact and their neural bases have not been thoroughly examined. Here, we investigated the neural and behavioral bases of language production and cognitive control via a phonological go/no-go picture-naming task. Naming difficulty and cognitive control demands (i.e., conflict monitoring and response inhibition) were manipulated by varying the proportion of naming trials (go trials) and inhibition trials (no-go trials) across task runs. The results demonstrated that as task demands increased, participants’ behavioral performance declined (i.e., longer reaction times on naming trials, more commission errors on inhibition trials) whereas brain activation generally increased. Increased activation was found not only within the language network but also in domain-general control regions. Additionally, right superior and inferior frontal and left supramarginal gyri were sensitive to increased task difficulty during both language production and response inhibition. We also found both positive and negative brain–behavior correlations. Most notably, increased activation in sensorimotor regions, such as precentral and postcentral gyri, was associated with better behavioral performance, in both successful picture naming and successful inhibition. Moreover, comparing the strength of correlations across conditions indicated that the brain–behavior correlations in sensorimotor regions that were associated with improved performance became stronger as task demands increased. Overall, our results suggest that cognitive control demands affect language production, and that successfully coping with increases in task difficulty relies on both language-specific and domain-general cognitive control regions.     

Exploring the Factor Structure of the RTI Readiness and Implementation Survey

Response to intervention (RtI) models have increasingly been adopted to improve outcomes for all students through the delivery of a continuum of supports and making timely responsive instructional decisions based on data. With this increasing popularity, researchers and practitioners have developed several RtI-related assessments, many of which have no known psychometric properties. As a result, there is an urgent need to develop psychometrically sound RtI readiness and implementation assessments that possess technical adequacy and practical utility. This study surveyed 377 participants to examine the factor structure of the author-developed RtI survey. An exploratory factor analysis identified seven relevant factors (system support, belief, conceptual knowledge, practical knowledge, resource, time, and system barrier) from the initial pool of 49 items. Results of reliability estimates supported the internal consistency of each subscale. Collectively, this validated RtI survey can be used to help district and school leaders efficiently screen a system's current RtI readiness and implementation status. The data may also inform successful RtI initiation and sustainment of the reform. Limitations and future directions for research are discussed.     

模态与本质

模态(modality)是指可能性、必然性等哲学范畴。根据关涉对象的不同,它可以分为从言模态与从物模态两类:若模态性质指的是命题或语句为真的可能性与必然性,则它是从言模态;若模态性质指的是事物具有某种性质或关系的可能性与必然性,则它是从物模态。     

交道性世界中的生命沉沦及反向运动之可能——海德格尔“那托普报告”的构境论解读

青年海德格尔在"那托普报告"中突显出一种全新的功用性交道世界观。在这里,本体论被建构为生命活动的存在论,对于每一个生命个体来说,你的存在方式就是我照料故我在。并且,我们交道故世界在。可是,这个交道性的周围世界就是沉沦。由于生命此在的个体已经将自己交付于交道性的非本真的关照性在世,所以他必然失去本己性的独立性,只是作为常人沉沦于世界。     

象征与合法性:帝制中国的合法化途径与策略

政治统治可被视为权力合法性的实践与生成过程,而合法性实践既是统治者迎合"文化剧本"、即呈现和表演都深藏干一个文化传统中的合法性信仰的过程,又是统治者对这些合法性信仰的操控过程.正是这种表演和谋划,直接导致了帝制中国的一整套合法性的象征系统如礼乐制度、政治制度、政策过程与文化符号等等;存在于这一象征系统中的元叙事,就是以现实中的君主("时君")为指向的合法性论证,各种种种后果主义、功利主义、化约主义和命定论则是这种合法性论证的基本策略和逻辑,其目的在于缩小甚至混淆现实中的统治者(时君)与"理想君主"之间的界限,以缓解那"永恒的合法性困境".     

小学汉语阅读障碍儿童的PASS认知加工特点

本研究以智力的PASS认知模型为基础,考察汉语阅读障碍儿童的PASS认知缺陷模式。研究采用DN:CAS认知评估系统,并结合统计分析对33名汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的PASS认知加工缺陷进行了分析。结果表明,汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童存在不止一种的PASS认知加工缺陷,可能在计划、注意、同时性和继时性加工的一个或几个方面出现了困难。继时性加工缺陷是汉语阅读障碍儿童的主要特征,与英语阅读障碍的研究相一致。此外,汉语阅读障碍儿童在表达性注意、言语-空间关系和继时性加工上的成绩差于生理年龄匹配组,仅达到阅读水平匹配组水平,这些的不足可能是由于发展迟滞所致。     

上善若水为而不争：老子处世哲学的生命启慧

老子是道家自然美学的开创者,并以《道德经》印证了高远深邃的人生智慧。可以说,＂上善若水＂、＂为而不争＂、＂自然皈依＂作为一种理想化的君子人格模式,体认着老子＂以水喻道＂的敏锐睿智的思辨特质,召唤了历代仁人志士在人格实现上日趋走向完善、达求和升华,从而使得老子哲学始终蕴含着悠长隽永的生命意趣。     

认知失败的研究综述：概念、测量及相关研究

自Broadbent等首次提出认知失败的概念以来,认知失败引起了研究者的广泛注意。认知失败是个体基于认知上的因素,使他们在完成那些平日中能够胜任的简单任务时出现错误。文章从认知失败的因素结构、认知失败与选择注意、持续注意等认知因素的关系,以及与人格特征等关系几个角度回顾了已有的研究,并提出未来的研究方向。     

自传体记忆测验（AMT）中线索词的标准化评定

AMT（Autobiographical Memory Test）主要用于测量自传体记忆的概括性和具体性特征,已经被诸多研究者所采用,然而关于测验方法的具体问题鲜有研究,其中测验的关键部分线索词的选择和匹配更没有设计较严谨的量化研究。目的：分析与自传体记忆相关的线索词的多种维度,并通过统计指标的计算选取多种维度上最为匹配的线索词,形成中文版的AMT测验材料。方法：采用专家评定法,选取差异系数（cv）作为线索词的计算指标,并设计了差异系数的函数公式,把维度作为参数来计算情绪词的多维参数的函数值,最终作为线索词选择的依据。结果：依据每个词汇的差异系数函数值选择了三个维度上最为匹配的词汇,得到了以15个中文线索词为测验材料的AMT测验工具。