Jeffrey Meets Kolmogorov

Journal of Philosophical Logic - Jeffrey conditionalization is a rule for updating degrees of belief in light of uncertain evidence. It is usually assumed that the partitions involved in Jeffrey...     

Visual working memory enhances target discrimination accuracy with single-item displays

The maintenance of information in visual working memory has been shown to bias the concurrent processing in favor of matching visual input. The present study aimed to examine whether this bias can act at an early stage of processing to enhance target feature perception in single-item displays. Participants were sequentially presented with two distinct colored stimuli as memory samples and a retro-cue indicating which of the two samples should be maintained for subsequent memory test. During the retention interval, they had to discriminate the gap orientation of a Landolt target presented through a single visual stimulus that could match one or neither of the two samples. Across two experiments, we consistently found that discrimination performance was more accurate when the Landolt target was situated within a stimulus that matched the sample being retained in visual working memory, as compared with when the target was not. This effect cannot be attributed to the mechanism of passive priming, because we failed to observe priming effects when the stimulus containing the target matched the sample that was retro-cued to be irrelevant to the working memory task, as compared to when the stimulus matched neither sample. Given the fact that target stimuli were presented in single-item displays wherein external noise was precluded, the present findings demonstrate that the working memory bias of visual attention operating in the absence of stimulus competition facilitates early perceptual processing at the attended location via signal enhancement.

     

一例大学生社交恐惧症的案例分析报告

本文是一例女大学生因怀疑自己口臭、担心肠蠕动的声音像放屁声,因表现为在人多的场所感到紧张、不断地吞口水,回避人多的场所等症状的心理咨询案例。分析了求助者的生物学层面、社会层面和心理层面的相关资料,结合SCL-90、SAS、SDS的测验结果,分别做出了诊断和鉴别诊断。采用认知行为疗法和暴露疗法对来访者做了有效干预和治疗。根据求助者自我评估、咨询师评定、心理测验结果证明本咨询为有效咨询。     

Are the salutogenic effects of social supports modified by income? A test of an added value hypothesis.

Older adults (54 men, 113 women; M age = 69.5 years) were examined to test the hypothesis that social supports would be more salutogenic (health promoting) for persons with lower incomes than for persons with higher incomes. Interactions of income and social supports (mean of 3 emotional scales of the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List) at study entry predicted changes 15-18 months later in a cardiovascular composite (linear combination of high-density lipoproteins-mean arterial pressure; p < .05), and natural killer cell activity (p < .05). For both outcomes, emotional supports were salutogenic for persons with lower incomes (< or =$29,000/year), but not for persons with higher incomes (>$29,000/year). In contrast, interactions of the Tangible Support Scale with income did not occur. Persons with lower incomes may derive benefits from social supports that go beyond tangible assistance.     

The concept of nature and historicism in Marx

Scholars of Marx often spend much effort to emphasize the socio-historical characteristics of Marx’s concept of nature. At the same time, from this concept of nature, one seems to be able to deduce a strong sense of historical anthropocentricism and relativism. But through an exploration of the results of Rorty’s discarding the distinction between “natural” and “man-made” and Strauss’ clearing up value relativism in terms of the concept of nature, people will find that historicism is a world outlook that brought its historical circumstances on itself. It neglects the fundamental role of nature in the structure of the relationships between nature and history. A modern result of it is that it fails to offer any universal norms. __________ Translated from Renwen Zazhi 人文杂志 (Journal of Humanities), 2005 (1)     

关系密切程度以及思维方式和决策风格对风险偏好的影响

研究目的:探讨救援决策者与被救援者的关系密切程度以及思维方式与决策风格对风险偏好的影响。研究方法:实验一采用3(关系密切程度:高、中、低)×2(思维方式:直觉性、分析性)两因素混合实验设计,被试68名;实验二采用3(关系密切程度:高、中、低)×2(思维方式:直觉性、分析性)×2(决策风格:直觉型、分析型)三因素混合实验设计,被试93名。研究结果:(1)救援决策者与被救援者的关系密切程度越高,风险偏好越高;(2)直觉性和分析性思维方式之间的风险偏好无显著差异;(3)直觉型决策风格的风险偏好显著高于分析型;(4)关系密切程度与思维方式的交互作用显著,具体而言,采用直觉性思维方式时,关系密切程度的效应显著,关系密切程度越高,风险偏好越高;采用分析性思维方式时,关系密切程度的效应不显著。结论:直觉与风险偏好的关系更密切。面对关系亲密的被救援者,决策者采用直觉性思维方式时的风险偏好较高。     

价值哲学的存在论基础

20世纪80年代初至90年代初,哲学界大都依循主体-客体模式来处理价值问题。但这一模式在理论和现实中都遇到了一些难以解决的问题。首先,就“价值的工具性定义”而言,也即从“主体的需要”来界定价值看,虽然它较好地说明了物的价值,但却不能全面地说明人的价值,甚至有把人的价值变成纯粹的手段性和工具性价值的危险。其次,就“价值的客观性”问题而言,针对主体-客体模式,为了论证价值的客观性,哲学界所做的一个关键性的努力,就是把“主体”与“主观”、“主体性”与“主观性”区别开来。[1]这一区分的本意是将“主体”与“主观”区别开以解决…     

计算带来别样的生命——兼评《走向计算主义——数字时代人工创造生命的哲学》

在新世纪之初,美国国家科学基金会(NSF)和美国商务部(DOC)共同资助了一个雄心勃勃的计划———“聚合四大技术,提高人类素质”(ConvergentTechnology for Improving Human Per-formance),它将纳米技术、生物技术、信息技术和认知科学看做21世纪四大前沿技术,简称为NBIC(nano-bio-info-cogno)。其中:纳米领域包括纳米科学和纳米技术;生物领域包括生物技术、生物医药及遗传工程;信息领域包括信息技术及先进计算和通信;认知领域包括认知科学与相关的神经科学。这四个领域中每一个领域都具有巨大潜力,而最为重要的是,其中任何技术的两两…     

"群分"视野下的"治道"--荀子政治哲学解读

荀子以经验的进路,基于“群分”的视野,在性恶预设的基础上,凸显了礼义在建设一个和谐、有序和稳定的社会群体中的主体地位,构建了以礼治为主干的“治道”。同时,荀子又援法入礼,礼法并重,赋予了儒家政治哲学以现实操作的品格,从而使其现实地运作于历代王朝的政治管理中。