Contextual cueing in preview search

Frequently finding a target in the same location within a familiar context reduces search time, relative to search for objects appearing in novel contexts. This learned association between a context and a target location requires several blocks of training and has long-term effects. Short-term selection history also influences search, where previewing a subset of a search context shortly before the appearance of the target and remaining distractors speeds search. Here we explored the interactions between contextual cueing and preview benefit using a modified version of a paradigm from Hodsoll and Humphreys (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31(6), 1346–1358, 2005). Participants searched for a T target among L distractors. Half of the distractors appeared 800 ms before the addition of the other distractors and the target. We independently manipulated the repetition of the previewed distractors and the newly added distractors. Though the previewed set never contained the target, repetition of either the previewed or the newly added context yielded contextual cueing, and the effect was greater when the previewed context repeated. Another experiment trained participants to associate the previewed context with a target location, then disrupted the association in a testing phase. This disruption eliminated contextual cueing, suggesting that learning of the previewed context was associative. These findings demonstrate an important interaction between distinct kinds of selection history effects.

     

Retracted: Effects of cartoon violence on aggressive thoughts and aggressive behaviors

This article reports on an experiment designed to test whether the cartoon manipulation leads to significant increases in aggressive thoughts and aggressive behaviors among Chinese children (n = 3,000). Results indicated that brief exposure to a violent cartoon triggered higher aggressive thoughts and aggressive behaviors than a nonviolent cartoon. Females displayed higher aggressive thoughts and aggressive behaviors than males in a nonviolent cartoon condition, while males displayed higher aggressive behaviors than females in a violent cartoon condition. Mediation analysis suggested that the effect on aggressive behaviors was mediated by aggressive thoughts. The findings imply that cartoon developers, parents, and teachers should develop cartoons that inhibit children's aggressive thoughts to avoid aggressive behaviors. Females are the key group for the prevention and intervention of aggression in a nonviolent cartoon context, while males are the key group for the prevention and intervention of aggression in a violent cartoon context.     

滥食“野味”的伦理审视

今年初突发的新冠肺炎疫情再次引发了社会各界对宰食野生动物的关注。这次疫情不仅是对我国公共卫生安全的考验,也是对健康伦理、消费伦理、生态伦理的拷问。人类对野生动物的道德义务,与其说是人类对弱势群体的一种同情,还不如说是人类作为"弱势群体"的一种自保。滥食"野味"已经彻底挣脱人的"需求"范围,进入了无限膨胀"欲求"的程度,从人的本性或本质出发,不可能找到滥食"野味"的合理向度,即使是对于野生动物的伤害,也只有在为保全人类基本利益时才具有消极的较弱合理性。因此,健康伦理要求我们坚持健康饮食的原则,履行对自己和他人的健康负责的伦理责任;消费伦理要求我们坚持消费文明的原则,用伦理道德来约束、规范自己的消费行为;生态伦理要求我们坚持生态文明的原则,重建对大自然和生命的敬畏,与所有生物构建"生命共同体"。     

道教与五代吴越国历史

五代时期,吴越国缔造者钱鏐在发迹过程中,得到道士的秉力支持.钱鏐执政后,推行崇奉道教的政策,兴建宫观,笼络道士,常行斋蘸.其崇道的原因,是要借助道士神化自身,巩固其统治;借道教向民众灌输封建伦理道德,祈求得到道教神灵对其军队的襄助及对吴越民众的福佑.道教对吴越国军事、政治、文化都有重要的影响.     

Protecting Job Performance and Well-Being in the Demanding Work Context: The Moderating Effect of Psychological Detachment for Chinese Employees

The aim of this study was twofold: first, to examine the lasting effects of working hours on later job performance and well-being (i.e. emotional exhaustion and work engagement); second, to delineate the protective role of psychological detachment in the highly demanding Chinese work setting featuring long working hours. We employed a panel design in which all variables were measured twice, with six months in between the waves. Data were obtained from 323 Chinese employees working in diverse industries in Taiwan. Analysing the panel data with structural equation modelling (SEM) techniques, we found that working hours were positively associated with emotional exhaustion and negatively associated with work engagement and job performance, measured six months later. Detachment moderated the effects of working hours on later work engagement and job performance. Specifically, detachment attenuated the negative relationships between working hours and work engagement and job performance. The present study extends the recovery research in the West by demonstrating the protective role of detachment in the East Asian societies with important managerial implications.     

浅析全真道戒律的社会控制功能

全真道戒律是全真教对教徒言行、思想的规定,是教徒在修行过程中必须遵守的行为准则,其内容具有丰富的伦理思想。这样一种具有伦理内涵结构的全真道戒律所产生的社会控制功能,笔者认为主要有三方面:(1)对个体的双重约束;(2)对教团组织的维系功能;(3)对国家法规的弥补功能。     

Internet Use and Web Communication Networks,Sources of Social Support,and Forms of Suicidal and Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury Among Adolescents: Different Patterns Between Genders

The relationships of Internet use, web communication, and sources of social support with adolescent self‐injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITBs) in Taiwan were investigated. The study sample of 391 12 to 18‐year‐olds was selected from nine public high schools. Findings show that girls are more likely to have SITBs, except for suicide gestures. Web communication is a risk factor for SITBs in boys but not in girls. Family support is protective in both genders. Support from friends is protective and support from significant others was a risk factor for suicide plans in girls. Support from virtual social communities can have both positive and negative effects on adolescent SITBs, with different effects by gender.     

禅诗与生态:虚云诗偈中的生态观

自18世纪工业文明以来,严峻的生态环境问题促使人们重新审视人与自然的关系。面对物理、人文与精神危机,基督教文化较早地作出学理化回应,Lynn White提出,现代西方的生态危机的思想根源是西方宗教思想中人对自然的宰制。[1]传统的有关自然的"西方——基督教范式"正在受到新生态学模式的反思。[2]叔本华、赫胥黎、池田大作等思想家亦强调了东方生态智慧的重要性。