Chronisches Ersch?pfungssyndrom

The treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) may pose a challenge as controversial concepts of its aetiology are discussed. Psychotherapy and graded exercise therapy have been suggested for the treatment of CFS. The aim of the present literature review is to summarize the evidence for these treatments based on two meta-analyses and more recently published randomized controlled trials. There is robust evidence for the efficacy of cognitive-behavioural therapy for CFS, showing moderate effects especially on fatigue severity and physical functioning at post-treatment and at short to medium term follow-up. Other psychological treatments have mainly been tested as control conditions and not as bona fide psychotherapy; however, single trials suggest benefits of non-directive counselling and psycho-education. To further improve treatment results and their maintenance, relapse prevention strategies are important and a stronger empirical foundation of long-term effects is needed.     

不同维度的执行功能与早期心理理论的关系

采用意外地点任务、意外内容任务和三种不同类型的执行功能任务来探究执行功能与心理理论之间的关系。共60名被试,3岁和4岁被试各30名,男女各半。区分自己心理状态和他人心理状态能力与执行功能的关系主要体现在混合成分执行功能与这一能力的密切联系上;在错误信念发展的早期,执行功能与错误信念理解能力的关系主要集中在“混合成分的执行功能与对自己错误信念理解能力,工作记忆的执行功能与对他人错误信念理解能力”这两对联系上     

The balance beam in the balance: reflections on rules, relational complexity, and developmental processes

The lead articles by Jansen and van der Maas (2002, this issue) and Halford, Andrews, Dalton, Boag, and Zielinski (2002, this issue) raise numerous questions concerning the development of rule use and how best to assess it. In this Reflection, we focus on the following: (a) When can one infer the use of a rule? (b) What are the mechanisms underlying the development of rule use? and (c) What is the relation between understanding and execution? In addressing these questions, we contrast relational complexity theory with cognitive complexity and control (CCC) theory.     

Video reminders in a representational change task: memory for cues but not beliefs or statements

Two experiments investigated the effect of video reminders on 3-year-olds' performance in a representational change task. In Experiment 1, children in a video support condition viewed videotapes of their initial incorrect statements about a misleading container prior to being asked to report their initial belief. Children in a control condition viewed an irrelevant videotape. Despite reporting what they had said on the videotape, children in the video support condition typically failed the representational change task. Experiment 2 replicated the main findings from Experiment 1 and also revealed that a video reminder failed to increase the likelihood that children would correctly report what they had said about the object. Results are discussed in terms of the processes whereby mnemonic cues might affect performance on tasks assessing theory of mind.     

Therapiekonzeption für traumatisierte Patienten mit schweren Persönlichkeitsstörungen

Comorbidity between severe personality disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is a frequent clinical problem. Severe personality disorders are characterized by an impaired regulation of emotions, a low mentalization capacity and deficits in personality integration. For severe personality disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder, a variety of evidence-based treatment approaches of psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral origin are available. However, a closer inspection of these treatment concepts shows that they do not sufficiently take the respective comorbid condition into account. No single concept is able to cover all problem areas presented by patients with this comorbidity. Therefore, an attempt is made to present an integrative psychodynamically oriented therapy concept for traumatized patients with personality disorders which contains elements from psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral and other concepts. The phase structure of the concept clarifies the sequence hierarchy of the therapeutic interventions. The content of the five phases are: (1) safety, holding and strengthening of coping capacities, (2) emotion regulation and self-care, (3) mentalization and development of stable representations, (4) gentle trauma processing and (5) conflict-oriented psychotherapy and treatment of maladaptive relationship patterns.     

Patientensuizid im psychiatrischen Fachkrankenhaus

Suicide prevention especially with psychiatric inpatients is traditionally a very important aspect of psychiatric treatment. During the 1970s and 1980s there was a noticeable increase in so-called hospital suicides in Germany, especially suicides of schizophrenic inpatients. The number of psychiatric inpatient suicides has currently decreased again and a shift to more depressive suicides has also been observed. Furthermore questions which are asked in court are presented and discussed.     

Diagnostik von Persönlichkeitsstörungen

Diagnosing and classifying personality disorders is complex and difficult from both the scientific and clinical perspectives. Dimensional and categorical models and assessment instruments of personality disorders, and different (behavioral and psychodynamic orientated) clinical procedures are described. Furthermore, an integrative view on clinical practice is presented.