Differentiation of stages in joke comprehension: Evidence from an ERP study

This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying joke comprehension using event‐related potentials (ERPs). Fourteen healthy college students were presented with the context of a story without its joke or nonjoke ending, and then, when the story ending was presented, they were asked to make a funny/unfunny judgment about these endings. The behavioral results showed that there was no significant difference between funny and unfunny items, which meant that subjects could understand funny items as easily as unfunny ones. However, the ERP results showed that funny items initially elicited a more negative ERP deflection (N350–450) over frontocentral scalp regions. Dipole analysis localized the generators in the left temporal gyrus and the left medial frontal gyrus; it is suggested that these areas might be involved in detecting the incongruent element in joke comprehension. Between 600 and 800 ms, funny items subsequently elicited a more negative ERP deflection (N600–800) over frontocentral scalp regions and a more positive ERP deflection (P600–800) over posterior scalp regions. Dipole analysis localized the generator in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), an area involved in the breaking of mental set/expectation and the forming of novel associations. Finally, funny items elicited a more positive ERP deflection (P1250–1400) over anterior and posterior scalp regions. Dipole analysis localized the generators in the middle frontal gyrus and the fusiform gyrus, areas that might be related to the affective appreciation stage in joke process. Unlike that of Coulson and Kutas (2001), the present study might support the hypothesis of a three stage model of humor processing (humor detection, resolution of incongruity and humor appreciation).     

环境雌激素双酚A对成年小鼠学习记忆和突触结构的影响*

双酚A (bisphenol, BPA)是一种广泛存在的环境内分泌干扰物,它可与雌激素受体结合干扰内源性雌激素对中枢神经系统的调控作用。本研究通过将10周龄小鼠灌胃染毒BPA (0.4、4、40 mg/kg/day)3个月,研究长期BPA暴露对成年小鼠记忆行为和突触可塑性的影响。开场行为测试结果表明, BPA (0.4、4、40 mg/kg/day)增加雄性的站立次数和理毛频率, BPA (4 mg/kg/day)却显著减少雌鼠的站立次数。水迷宫和被动回避行为模型检测显示, BPA主要损伤雄鼠的空间学习记忆和被动回避记忆。通过制备海马CA1区超薄切片后,电镜观测发现, BPA (0.4、40 mg/kg/day)暴露降低雄鼠海马CA1区突触数密度,缩短雄鼠突触前活性带长度,减小雄鼠突触后致密体(PSD)厚度,增加雄鼠突触间隙宽度。进一步用Western blot方法检测突触前、后的标志性蛋白Synapsin I和PSD95以及兴奋性氨基酸NMDA受体NR1亚基和AMPA受体GluR1亚基蛋白的表达,发现BPA暴露致雄鼠Synapsin I、PSD95、NR1蛋白表达水平下调。而BPA对雌鼠的记忆行为、突触形态、突触蛋白和受体蛋白均没有明显作用。以上结果提示长期B PA暴露性别特异性地影响成年小鼠的活动性和探究行为,损伤雄鼠的学习记忆,这些作用可能通过下调突触蛋白和NMDA受体的表达而负性影响突触结构可塑性,最终影响雄鼠的学习记忆功能。     

在押毒品犯人格的基本特征及其相关因素的研究

本研究以 3 78名在押毒品犯为被试 ,以CPI为测量工具 ,探讨了在押毒品犯的基本特征和类型特征 ,并采用方差分析技术研究了影响毒品犯人格的若干因素。结果发现 ,与对照组相比 ,在押毒品犯除了在“自我控制”分量表上未发现显著差异外 ,其余的 1 9个分量表上均有显著差异 ;在押毒品犯在四种人格类型上的分布不平衡 ,主要集中在Delta类型 ;年龄、关押时间对毒品犯的人格特征的变异有一定影响 ,而减刑次数的影响不显著     

卫生行政强制与相对人自主权行使的道德缓冲

从卫生行政强制保护公共卫生利益与相对人自主权行使存在的矛盾出发,讨论建立道德缓冲机制解决两者间矛盾的必要性、可能性。阐述卫生行政执法者通过职业道德建设与人文精神关怀,以缓冲执法违法;相对人以道德约束缓冲自主权滥用。     

医疗风险防范与化解新趋向

新的《医疗事故处理条例》实施以后,患者的自我保护意识不断增强、高精尖医疗器械的应用、新技术的不断开展等均增加了医疗行为的风险,医疗风险管理显示出日益重要的作用。新形势下医疗风险管理的新趋向是建立自愿的医疗责任保险、组织患者参加医疗风险保险、建立强制性医疗责任保险制度、卫生行政部门代理保险业务、建立医疗援助基金等方式,提出了在风险控制的基础上,加强风险融资的措施。     

论患者最佳利益原则

尽管何为患者最佳利益尚无法明确进行统一的界定,但是患者最佳利益原则在英国等西方国家已经上升为医事法律的基本原则.患者最佳利益原则由传统的伦理和道德标准上升为法律准则符合社会的发展和患者的利益诉求,亦有利于改善我国当前的医患关系状况,我国将来修订相关医事法律时应将患者最佳利益原则确立为基本法律原则.     

Promoting Creativity at Work: The Role of Problem‐Solving Demand

We propose that problem‐solving demand (PSD) is an important job attribute for employees' creative performance. Applying job design theory, we examined the relationship between PSD and employee creativity. The theorised model was tested with data obtained from a sample of 270 employees and their supervisors from three Chinese organisations. Regression results revealed that PSD was positively related to creativity, and this relationship was mediated by creative self‐efficacy. Additionally, intrinsic motivation moderated the relationship between PSD and creative self‐efficacy such that the relationship was stronger for individuals with high rather than low intrinsic motivation. We discuss our findings, implications for practice, and future research.     

从御注道德真经看朱元璋的治国之道

朱元璋极力推崇《道德经》在治国中的作用,认为它是"万物之至根,王者之上师,臣民之极宝"。在《大明太祖高皇帝御注道德真经》中,朱元璋把老子之学与现实的治国之道联系在一起,以"无为而治"为核心,以安民为本为基础,以少私寡欲为品德要求,以宽政简刑为理想方略,精心构建了一套精微高远的治国之道。     

临床决策中患者及其家属的地位与作用

医生、医院每天都在为患者做临床决策.而在各个决策中患者与家属应该处于什么地位的问题早有争论.除了疾病外患者性别、年龄、家庭、经济、社会地位的个体差异决定了医生决策的不同.患者要真正参与.就必须真正全面知情.关于患者参与多少的问题要因人而异,可能只是提出意愿,可能提出耗资的底线,可能权衡费效比,可能以生活质量为唯一原则.总之,临床决策中患者及其家属的地位因人而异.