MYTH,HISTORY AND REALPOLITIK: MOROCCO AND ITS JEWISH COMMUNITY

This article is an analytical overview of the history of Moroccan Jewry, from pre‐Islamic times to the present day, exploring the themes of myth, memory and political interests in the multi‐faceted, continuous interactions between the community and Moroccan society as a whole. In referring to seminal developments in Moroccan political history, it analyses the different ways in which the Jews of Morocco experienced them as an integral part of the larger societal mosaic. This survey of the 2,000‐year Jewish presence in Morocco employs a variety of classical and modern sources in order to locate the place of Moroccan Jews within the ebbs and flows of Moroccan dynastic history, particularly following the establishment of the first Islamic dynasty in the eighth century, C.E. It also engages with current historiographical debates on the subject matter. Overall, it provides clarity and order to the subject of Jewish–Muslim inter‐communal relations in Morocco over the longue durée, a matter too often shrouded in myths and half‐truths.     

家属代替知情同意的现状调查

为了解家属代替知情同意的现状, 剖析导致家属成为知情同意权行使主体的现实原因, 随机选取215份临床知情同意书, 记录分析其签署人, 并对相关患者、家属、主管医生进行调查或访谈。结果显示, 家属代替知情同意的发生率为6.0%, 主要发生于老年、经济不独立、生活不能自理、就诊于急诊和不愿知情的患者。表明家属代替知情同意现象依然存在, 仅依靠修改法律条文维护患者权益作用有限, 提高养老和医疗保障、设置医院内司法干预制度可能是有效措施。     

汉川市公共卫生服务人员工作现状及岗位荣誉感调查分析

采用整群抽样的方法,对汉川市公共卫生服务人员进行问卷调查与小组讨论,了解汉川市公共卫生服务人员的工作现状及岗位荣誉感,探究我国公共卫生服务人员面临的主要问题。研究结果表明,公共卫生服务人员工作中最大的困难是业务经费不足,最大干扰是缺乏业务与学术交流,对岗位荣誉感影响最大的因素是工作收入与付出不符,其他因素还有年龄、学历、职称、职务和收入水平等,通过文献研究,针对所述问题提出管理策略,以提高从业人员的岗位荣誉感。     

基于先秦两汉涉医简帛文献的早期形神思想研究

战国清华简《五纪》将三十位神祇与人体各部位进行结合,是目前中医形神思想最初的模型。马王堆帛书《胎产书》以五行理论,阐述母体受孕后胎儿逐月发育,体现了早期中医对于胚胎发育的认识。张家山《脉书》提出“实四肢而虚五脏”的观点,是西汉医者对身心健康的独特理解。张家山《引书》中“春生夏长秋收冬藏”的“彭祖之道”,是《黄帝内经》“调神”思想的源头之一。天回医简《逆顺五色脉臧验精神》是目前唯一以“精神”为题名的一部出土医书,其记载“太上石神”之论,与《黄帝内经》“一曰治神”的思想高度一致。

     

Arnold Gesell's progressive vision: child hygiene, socialism and eugenics

In October 1913, The American Magazine published an article by Arnold Gesell that portrayed Alma, Wisconsin (his hometown) as overflowing with the mentally and morally unfit. In "The Village of a Thousand Souls", Gesell called for the observation and segregation of the unfit as a eugenic measure. This article explores the reasons behind this infamous article by someone who became a famous developmental psychologist and pediatrician. Gesell's papers at the Library of Congress reveal his socialist views of poverty, injustice, and human development. The archives of his father's photography studio at the Wisconsin Historical Society reveal his manipulation of the photographic record to fit his negative view of Alma. Typical of the era, Gesell's Progressive vision combined social control and negative eugenics with egalitarianism and the benevolent engineering of the environment.     

Preschoolers distribute scarce resources according to the moral valence of recipients' previous actions

Children aged 3 years and 4? years old watched a puppet, struggling to achieve goals, who was helped by a 2nd puppet and violently hindered by a 3rd. The children then distributed wooden biscuits between the helper and hinderer. In Experiment 1, when distributing a small odd number of biscuits, 4?-year-olds (N = 16) almost always gave more to the helper. Children verbally justified their unequal distributions by reference to the helper's prosocial behavior or the hinderer's antisocial behavior. In Experiment 2, when biscuits were more plentiful, 4?-year-olds (N = 16) usually gave equal numbers to helper and hinderer, indicating that 4?-year-olds usually preferred not to distribute unequally unless forced to by resource scarcity. Three-year-olds (N = 16 in Experiment 1, N = 20 in Experiment 3) gave more biscuits equally often to the helper and to the hinderer. In many cases, this was because they were confused as to the identities and actions of the puppets, possibly because they were shocked by the hinderer's actions. Two fundamental moral behaviors are therefore demonstrated in young preschoolers: indirect reciprocity of morally valenced acts and a preference for equality when distributing resources, although the cognitive bases for these behaviors remain unclear. These results join other recent studies in demonstrating that the seeds of complex moral understanding and behavior are found early in development.     

买卖交易中谈判者角色影响谈判结果的机制

现实生活中的谈判通常发生在特定的社会情境中, 谈判者也总在扮演着某种角色。本研究探索了买卖交易谈判中谈判者角色影响谈判结果的作用机制。研究提出了一个关于谈判者角色诱发框架效应的理论模型, 然后通过两个模拟谈判实验对这一模型进行验证。实验1表明, 买家知觉到的馅饼大于卖家知觉到的馅饼, 且谈判者知觉到的馅饼在谈判者角色与谈判者绩效间起部分中介作用。实验2发现, 即使保留买家与卖家的角色标签, 如果剥离了金钱作为交易介质这一重要特征, 两个谈判角色知觉到的馅饼也没有差异。研究揭示了谈判者角色影响谈判结果的作用机制, 对谈判者如何利用情境因素取得更好的谈判结果具有实践意义。     

The development of abstract syntax: Evidence from structural priming and the lexical boost

Structural priming paradigms have been influential in shaping theories of adult sentence processing and theories of syntactic development. However, until recently there have been few attempts to provide an integrated account that explains both adult and developmental data. The aim of the present paper was to begin the process of integration by taking a developmental approach to structural priming. Using a dialog comprehension-to-production paradigm, we primed participants (3–4 year olds, 5–6 year olds and adults) with double object datives (Wendy gave Bob a dog) and prepositional datives (Wendy gave a dog to Bob). Half the participants heard the same verb in prime and target (e.g. gave–gave) and half heard a different verb (e.g. sent–gave). The results revealed substantial differences in the magnitude of priming across development. First, there was a small but significant abstract structural priming effect across all age groups, but this effect was larger in younger children than in older children and adults. Second, adding verb overlap between prime and target prompted a large, significant increase in the priming effect in adults (a lexical boost), a small, marginally significant increase in the older children and no increase in the youngest children. The results support the idea that abstract syntactic knowledge can develop independently of verb-specific frames. They also support the idea that different mechanisms may be needed to explain abstract structural priming and lexical priming, as predicted by the implicit learning account (Bock, K., & Griffin, Z. M. (2000). The persistence of structural priming: Transient activation or implicit learning? Journal of Experimental Psychology – General, 129(2), 177–192). Finally, the results illustrate the value of an integrative developmental approach to both theories of adult sentence processing and theories of syntax acquisition.