Are mindful people more risk-averse? Effects of trait and state mindfulness on risk preference in decision-making

The current research investigated whether various aspects of mindfulness were differentially associated with risk preference in decision-making. In Studies 1 and 2, attention and present-focus aspects of trait mindfulness were associated with lower risk preference in making monetary gains. In Study 3, participants completed either a mindfulness training or listened to a comparable control recording. Compared to the control condition, subjects in the mindfulness condition were more risk-averse in making choices for monetary gains. The attention and present-focus aspects of state mindfulness mediated this connection. Study 4 introduced a loss framing, where attention and present-focus no longer associated with lower risk preference, but awareness and acceptance aspects of trait mindfulness associated with higher risk preference in avoiding monetary losses. The results suggest that different aspects of mindfulness have potential for mitigating risk preference, but such potential is limited depending on the framing of a decision context.     

儿童舒缓疗护整合模式的介绍及启示

基于文献分析的方法,梳理儿童舒缓疗护整合模式的发展历程,重点介绍儿童舒缓疗护整合模式中的儿科舒缓疗护服务理念、服务团队、服务内容、工作模式,探讨其对我国临床实践的启示。在深入分析我国儿童舒缓疗护开展的不足之处的基础上,未来我国相关临床实践可借鉴儿童舒缓疗护整合模式,通过宣传儿童舒缓疗护理念,提升儿童舒缓疗护的服务质量,建设儿童舒缓疗护服务支持体系,深入推动我国儿童舒缓疗护的发展。

     

公共场所自动除颤仪配备义务的伦理剖析与法律规制

通过探究公共场所自动除颤仪（automated external defibrillator, AED）配备义务的伦理与法理困境,发现公共场所AED配置率低与公众健康素养低已成为院外心脏骤停救治率低的双重挑战。借鉴道义论与功利论,剖析公共场所AED配备的伦理价值,总结公共场所AED配备的相关政策法规,分析各地AED配置的政府责任履行和社会参与程度,并厘清责任主体,调和不同主体间义务履行的利益冲突。建议推动公共场所AED配备成为一项普遍义务,以弥合发达与欠发达地区公共场所AED配置“鸿沟”,促进公共卫生资源的公正分配与公众健康受益的平等性。

     

疫苗临床试验的伦理挑战

有效的疫苗作为应对传染病大流行的重要工具,在公共卫生中作出了重大贡献。为应对新发传染病流行,需要研发新的疫苗,但在传染病大流行的紧急公共卫生危机情况下,疫苗临床试验面临着重要的伦理挑战。如果尚不存在已证明安全有效的疫苗,处在均衡状态的多种有希望的候选疫苗,应在随机对照试验中进行验证。即使存在已证明安全有效获准使用的疫苗,基于效力、反应原性、运输储存等方面的考虑可能也需要研发新的疫苗。人体挑战试验必须在受试者个人风险处在可接受的界限之内的前提之下,平衡期望的社会受益。应采取措施避免“预防误解”风险。

     

黄道周“七十二卦”易历星象、中医藏象说述论

七十二卦说是黄道周《三易洞玑》文王易思想的基本特色,尽管在文王易上、中、下三卷其七十二卦的排法并不一致,但七十二卦若以圆图排布,乾乾坤坤四卦始终居于四正的位置,而坎坎离离、颐颐大过大过、中孚中孚小过小过十二卦则居于四隅,这十六卦在黄道周文王易思想中有着特殊意义.黄道周常以七十二这个数字延展出很多和天文历算、乐律、中医等相关的数理规律,从而以易象数把天文、乐律和中医统一起来,尽管这种思维模式以现代科学的眼光来看是有些牵强,但他的这种以易象教范围天地人三才之道,探索天地万物整体性存在之内在同构性关联的思维方式还是有一定的积极意义.     

基于胜任特征模型的人才招聘与选拔

胜任特征模型理论在企业人力资源管理过程中应用越来越广泛。尤其是在人才招聘与选拔过程中的作用更为重要。本文以胜任特征模型为切入点,分析该模型的基本理论和特点、模型的构建过程以及在实际人才聘任与选拔过程中的应用,为企业人力资源管理者更好地实现人职匹配提供方法和依据,有助于企业人力资源得到合理配置,提高组织绩效,赢得竞争优势。     

A Comparison of a Subjective and Statistical Method for Establishing Score Comparability in an Organizational Culture Survey

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to compare the results of a subjective and a statistical method of detecting non-comparable items in 14 language-translated forms of a survey measuring organizational culture.

Design/Methodology/Approach

Data were obtained from a large multinational organization using a 60-item organizational culture survey. Each of 14 language-translated forms were administered to members of their respective language groups and compared to the original English (United States) form. Subjective reviews were conducted using fluent bilingual organizational members whom flagged items they did not believe were comparable. Statistical analyses using an item response theory (IRT) approach were used to detect problematic items from 14 samples with sizes ranging from 304 to 3,014. Detection patterns from these two approaches were compared.

Findings

The subjective approach identified far less items as problematic and did not agree with the statistical approach.

Implications

Our results suggest that the subjective approach as a pre-screening adaptation procedure has little added value over a careful translation/back-translation procedure.

Originality/Value

The use of language-adapted organizational surveys has become increasingly important to multinational organizations. In examining scores from such surveys the establishment of score comparability is essential. IRT analyses are often used to determine whether scores are comparable across language translations. It is also common for subjective reviews of item content to be utilized prior to statistical techniques to determine if the translated items are comparable to the original form. No research known to authors has compared modern statistical and subjective approaches to addressing these issues.     

麻醉方式的临床决策

外科手术的进步离不开麻醉的配合,麻醉方式的抉择非常重要。如果麻醉达不到预期效果,不仅可以导致手术失败、也会给患者的身心带来伤害、甚至会由此引起医疗纠纷。科技进步、社会发展应运而生微创医学、医学人文学,这是社会的进步和必然趋势,也是麻醉方式选择的理论依据。     

心算困难儿童的语音复述

心算中语音复述和计算加工交替进行,其中任何一方面落后都会导致心算困难。使用视觉心算成绩和听觉心算成绩相减的范式,研究计算能力正常但心算水平落后的儿童的语音复述水平。结果发现,不同年级心算困难儿童呈现不同的困难模式,2、4年级心算困难儿童语音复述水平正常,但由于语音工作记忆容量的落后,导致缺少足够的注意资源进行计算加工。3年级心算困难儿童在语音工作记忆容量和语音复述上都存在落后,导致心算困难,呈现出双重困难模式。     

应用Rasch模型分析Rosenberg自尊量表

采用Rosenberg自尊量表(RSES)对425名在校大学生进行施测,应用项目反应理论的Rasch模型对项目指标进行分析及DIF检验。结果表明,Rosenberg自尊量表具有单维性,量表的信度为0.84; 除项目8以外,其他项目拟合指标良好,较适用来区分中等及偏低自尊水平的个体,项目功能差异检验发现在项目1和项目5上存在DIF,表现为男生自尊水平要高于女生。相对于经典测量理论,应用Rasch模型分析Rosenberg自尊量表具有优势,为进一步的完善和使用该自尊量表提供依据。