Reactions to a black professional: motivated inhibition and activation of conflicting stereotypes

The motivation to form a particular impression of an individual can prompt the inhibition of applicable stereotypes that contradict one's desired impression and the activation and application of stereotypes that support it. Participants, especially those high in prejudice, inhibited the Black stereotype when motivated to esteem a Black individual (because he had praised them). Participants motivated to esteem a Black doctor also activated the doctor stereotype. In contrast, participants motivated to disparage a Black doctor (because he had criticized them) inhibited the doctor stereotype. Participants motivated to disparage a Black individual also applied the Black stereotype to him, rating him as relatively incompetent. All these effects were driven by the self-protective motives of recipients of feedback from Black evaluators; detached observers showed no such effects.     

Functional Equations in Binocular Space Perception

A general theory of the relationship of binocular visual space to physical space is formulated within a conjoint measurement framework. Psychophysically motivated invariance relations induce various functional equations. Another class of functional equations arises if we additionally assume the validity of a different psychophysical theory that is based on a formula suggested by A. A. Blank. We solve and interpret most of these equations and point out an unsolved problem. The obtained results lead to a measurement-theoretic foundation of the psychophysical assumptions underlying the Luneburg theory of binocular vision. They also contribute to clarifying the relationship between the presented general theory and Blank's approach. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.     

A theory of implicit and explicit knowledge

The implicit-explicit distinction is applied to knowledge representations. Knowledge is taken to be an attitude towards a proposition which is true. The proposition itself predicates a property to some entity. A number of ways in which knowledge can be implicit or explicit emerge. If a higher aspect is known explicitly then each lower one must also be known explicitly. This partial hierarchy reduces the number of ways in which knowledge can be explicit. In the most important type of implicit knowledge, representations merely reflect the property of objects or events without predicating them of any particular entity. The clearest cases of explicit knowledge of a fact are representations of one's own attitude of knowing that fact. These distinctions are discussed in their relationship to similar distinctions such as procedural-declarative, conscious-unconscious, verbalizable-nonverbalizable, direct-indirect tests, and automatic-voluntary control. This is followed by an outline of how these distinctions can be used to integrate and relate the often divergent uses of the implicit-explicit distinction in different research areas. We illustrate this for visual perception, memory, cognitive development, and artificial grammar learning.     

罗素的伦理和社会思想

理论伦理学罗素在他最早关于伦理学的思想中抱有浪漫主义的黑格尔主义观点,认为宇宙本身就是善的,是“理智的爱”的适当对象。他接受这个观点是受了麦克塔加特①的启发,但是这一观点不久就对他失去了的吸引力。罗素对伦理问题最早的认真研究见于他在1910年发表的论文《伦理学要义》,这篇文章表明他遵循G．E．摩尔在其《伦理学原理》（PrincwiaE山ic）中所倡导的学说。摩尔在该书中争辩说,善是一种不可定义的、不可分析的然而却是客观存在的性质,存在于事物、行为和人身上,是通过直接的道德直观行为知觉到的。摩尔抱有某种功利主义…     

董仲舒研究:欧洲北美新趋势

一、董学研究的先期阶段在最近四十年间,欧洲北美董学研究有着显著的进展,它是在两个学术阶段中展开的.从时间意义上看,其间已面世的研究成果数量相当可观:从方法论意义上看,学者们都从董仲舒著作的可信性入手展开研究.先期学术阶段始于本世纪中叶,一直延续到70年代,以几部中国哲学史的出版为表征.这几部哲学史包括对归于董仲舒的有限的选集内容的评价和翻译.这类著作中最出名的三部是德克·布德英译的冯友兰《中国哲学简史》;陈荣捷的《中国哲学史料集》和F.W.莫待英译的肖公权的《中国政治思想史》.最近,这类专门著作有本杰明·施瓦茨1985年出版的《古代中国思想界》.     

对弗雷泽《金枝》的评论(续)

Ⅱ p.168说人们相信统治者有这些力量,而统治者都非常明白自己没有,或者仅仅因为他低能或白痴才不明白,那是不对的。但是,统治者的力量这一观念是以该观念与经验——不管是人民的还是统治者的——相协调的方式起作用的。说虚伪在起作用,仅因为它通常十分靠近人们所做的大部分事情。 p.169当我们的(或至少是我自己的)同伴中的某人笑得太过分时,我会有意无意地抿紧嘴唇,好象我相信这能让他闭嘴似的。     

罗素对当代哲学的影响

如果你想看清罗素的重大贡献,那就要观察一下,从两次世界大战之间的年代起在英语世界中发展的主流哲学。另外还要看一看逻辑和数理哲学的发展,20世纪西方世界中道德风气的改变,以及为了防止核武器扩散而进行的种种努力。全面讲述其中任何一个问题都要提到罗素。在上面说的某些方面他只是众多角色中的一个;比如说促成本世纪的道德革命就绝非他一人之力。他在核裁军运动中站在更靠近中心的位置,正如第一次世界大战时期他在和平运动中的地位一样。     

青少年同伴关系网络结构的研究

本研究探讨了美国三所学校6～12年级学生的校内同伴网络的结构特征。要求被试提名其在校内的最好朋友以及至多9个一般朋友。将被试与所提名朋友的选择相匹配,以评价其相互关系,并据此确定出不同的朋友团体。研究考察了被试在朋友提名、好朋友、朋友团体及社会群体的年级差异和性别差异,以及同伴网络的重叠程度和等级组织。结果表明:(1)同伴关系网络结构存在着性别差异,女孩与同伴网络的联系比男孩更紧密;(2)随着年级的增长,同伴网络的排外性有所增强;(3)最好朋友基本上来自被试所在的朋友团体;(4)被试提名的朋友中有些不属于其朋友团体,被试也不把朋友团体中的每个人都列为朋友。     

历史理性与左派的未来——与M·布尔的对话

时代的诊断书认为,资本主义社会的发展使“左派”失去了他们的主体——工人阶级,而后现代主义的长篇大论则宣布历史唯物主义的讨论日渐势微,“进步”阶层的流行观点认为,以“圣麦克斯”施蒂纳为首的“神圣家族”在马克思、恩格期的《德意志意识形态》批判的研究上具有权威性,在这样的背景下,出版者和M.布尔(1927年生)教授就社会主义和马克思主义理论的前途问题进行了对话(布尔在199O年下野,原为民主德国科学院中央哲学研究所所长——译者).     

技术民主:资本主义和社会主义的替代物

按照舆论界的看法,社会主义灭亡了.而资本主义则取得了胜利.我认为,这两种主张都是错误的.社会主义并没有灭亡,因为它从来就没有诞生,仅仅限于纸上谈兵;资本主义在经济繁荣和精神健康方面远未达到完善的地步:剥削在那里四处蔓延,一次又一次危机使得它步履维艰.正如凯恩斯勋爵很早以前指出的那样:“我们的问题就是;设法组成一种尽可能发挥其效力并且不会与我们有关令人满意的生活方式的思想相抵触的社会组织.”