What Would Jesus Buy: American Consumption of Religious and Spiritual Material Goods

This article examines an important and understudied part of the sociological study of religion: consumption of religious materials. We use data from the Baylor Religion Survey and present an initial look at which Americans read the Left Behind series, viewed The Passion of the Christ , or purchased religious paraphernalia such as "What Would Jesus Do" bracelets. Drawing on cultural consumption and religious capital research we explore class, demographic, and religious influences on consumption patterns. We find some support for each of these perspectives, which suggests that religious consumption is not a subset of cultural consumption nor of religious practice but is some combination of both.     

人类认知模式的转变——从J.A.福多到卡米洛夫-史密斯

当代科学认识论的研究,日益得到世界各地学者的关注,认知科学正在成为21世纪科学哲学研究的热点,对此我们需要从当前的研究中梳理出总体的研究进路,从中寻绎出存在的问题以及可能的研究路径。当代认知科学与人工智能研究日益深入到人类认识机制的领域。这种研究进路在哲学上就是元认识论问题,以往的哲学研究对这个问题的关注明显不够。从20世纪80年代起一些学者开始关注元认识论问题,这以美国心理学家福多心理模块理论为代表,提出人类认识的功能主义解释,到90年代英国心理学家卡米洛夫-史密斯从皮亚杰的发生认识论基础上提出一种折中的混合…     

江右思想家王时槐考述

在阳明学的二传弟子中,王时槐是一个思想涵摄面广而又富有理论创新的思想家,而目前学术界对于塘南思想的研究还只是零星的,那种基于塘南本人学行与著述基础上的、全面而系统的加以考察的工作还未真正起步。对塘南学行实录的编撰可以展示其为学的心路历程,而对其著述较为全面的查考则更有助于材料的取舍与把握,此两者于当下学界对于塘南的思想研究极为必要。     

Bayes nets and babies: infants' developing statistical reasoning abilities and their representation of causal knowledge

A fundamental assumption of the causal graphical model framework is the Markov assumption, which posits that learners can discriminate between two events that are dependent because of a direct causal relation between them and two events that are independent conditional on the value of another event(s). Sobel and Kirkham (2006) demonstrated that 8-month-old infants registered conditional independence information among a sequence of events; infants responded according to the Markov assumption in such a way that was inconsistent with models that rely on simple calculations of associative strength. The present experiment extends these findings to younger infants, and demonstrates that such responses potentially develop during the second half of the first year of life. These data are discussed in terms of a developmental trajectory between associative mechanisms and causal graphical models as representations of infants' causal and statistical learning.     

Two Dimensions of the Ethical Problems Related to Nanotechnology

The current literature on nanoethics focuses on a wide array of topics such as equity, privacy, military, environment, human enhancement, intellectual property, and security. The identification of those topics leads to the adoption of an ethical stance, which we call the in itself dimension. In this article we argue that even though it is correct to identify the areas where ethical problems are imperative to deal with (in itself dimension), it is a partial approach. This is because the in itself dimension pays no attention to another ethical stance; one that does not have anything to do with individual or collective responsibilities, but rather with the socio-economic system into which those responsibilities are embedded. We call this second issue the contextual dimension.     

Asymmetrical Body Perception: A Possible Role for Neural Body Representations

ABSTRACT— Perception of one's body is related not only to the physical appearance of the body, but also to the neural representation of the body. The brain contains many body maps that systematically differ between right- and left-handed people. In general, the cortical representations of the right arm and right hand tend to be of greater area in the left hemisphere than in the right hemisphere for right-handed people, whereas these cortical representations tend to be symmetrical across hemispheres for left-handers. We took advantage of these naturally occurring differences and examined perceived arm length in right- and left-handed people. When looking at each arm and hand individually, right-handed participants perceived their right arms and right hands to be longer than their left arms and left hands, whereas left-handed participants perceived both arms accurately. These experiments reveal a possible relationship between implicit body maps in the brain and conscious perception of the body.     

“批判正义”与人的自由和解放

马克思恩格斯的正义观是一种"批判正义".这种"批判正义"大致包括以下三个主要方面的内容:一,批判蒲鲁东(主义)、杜林等人"永恒正义"理念,确立正义理解的生产方式基础;二,批判资产阶级抽象人权理念,确立人权范畴的"过渡正义"性质;三,批判资本主义现实私有制度结构的非正义制度安排,确立未来正义社会的根本实现原则--每个人的全面而自由的发展.他们的目的是要摒弃资本主义财产关系下的狭隘的、片面的正义观念,确立一个每个人得以自由发展和全面解放自身与个性发展的正义社会.对于中国和谐社会的构建而言,马克思恩格斯的"批判正义"理念具有重要的借鉴意义.     

进展期非小细胞肺癌维持治疗进展

化疗在进展期非小细胞肺癌的地位已经确立,现有的方案已经达到"化疗疗效平台".延长化疗无潜在益处,有什么办法可以保持现有的疗效.为此,提出了维持治疗的概念,维持治疗是指患者在完成标准的几个周期化疗且疾病得到控制后再接受的化疗,架起一二线治疗间的桥梁.带来进一步的临床获益.     

青年人人格理想的调查——以网络小说人物的人格为视角

为了探究当前青年人的人格理想,使用开放式问卷进行了调查.通过对112份有效问卷的内容分析发现:1)青年人主要看重外向张扬、温敦纯真、自立自强、道德高尚、睿智理性和低调淡泊6种人格品质;2)青年人的人格理想存在性别差异;3)青年人的人格理想受市场经济文化与传统文化的双重影响.     

EFFECT OF REINFORCER MAGNITUDE ON PERFORMANCE MAINTAINED BY PROGRESSIVE‐RATIO SCHEDULES

This experiment examined the relationship between reinforcer magnitude and quantitative measures of performance on progressive‐ratio schedules. Fifteen rats were trained under a progressive‐ratio schedule in seven phases of the experiment in which the volume of a 0.6‐M sucrose solution reinforcer was varied within the range 6–300 μl. Overall response rates in successive ratios conformed to a bitonic equation derived from Killeen's (1994) Mathematical Principles of Reinforcement. The “specific activation” parameter, a, which is presumed to reflect the incentive value of the reinforcer, was a monotonically increasing function of reinforcer volume; the “response time” parameter, δ, which defines the minimum response time, increased as a function of reinforcer volume; the “currency” parameter, b, which is presumed to reflect the coupling of responses to the reinforcer, declined as a function of volume. Running response rate (response rate calculated after exclusion of the postreinforcement pause) decayed monotonically as a function of ratio size; the index of curvature of this function increased as a function of reinforcer volume. Postreinforcement pause increased as a function of ratio size. Estimates of a derived from overall response rates and postreinforcement pauses showed a modest positive correlation across conditions and between animals. Implications of the results for the quantification of reinforcer value and for the use of progressive‐ratio schedules in behavioral neuroscience are discussed.