Use of factor mixture modeling to capture Spearman's law of diminishing returns

Spearman's law of diminishing returns (SLODR) posits that at higher levels of general cognitive ability the general factor (g) performs less well in explaining individual differences in cognitive test performance. Research has generally supported SLODR, but previous research has required the a priori division of respondents into separate ability or IQ groups. The present study sought to obviate this limitation through the use of factor mixture modeling to investigate SLODR in the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition (KABC-II). A second-order confirmatory factor model was modeled as a within-class factor structure. The fit and parameter estimates of several models with varying number of classes and factorial invariance restrictions were compared. Given SLODR, a predictable pattern of findings should emerge when factor mixture modeling is applied. Our results were consistent with these SLODR-based predictions, most notably the g factor variance was less in higher g mean classes. Use of factor mixture modeling was found to provide support for SLODR while improving the model used to investigate SLODR.     

Sexual Priming, Gender Stereotyping, and Likelihood to Sexually Harass: Examining the Cognitive Effects of Playing a Sexually-Explicit Video Game

The present study examines the short-term cognitive effects of playing a sexually explicit video game with female “objectification” content on male players. Seventy-four male students from a university in California, U.S. participated in a laboratory experiment. They were randomly assigned to play either a sexually-explicit game or one of two control games. Participants’ cognitive accessibility to sexual and sexually objectifying thoughts was measured in a lexical decision task. A likelihood-to-sexually-harass scale was also administered. Results show that playing a video game with the theme of female “objectification” may prime thoughts related to sex, encourage men to view women as sex objects, and lead to self-reported tendencies to behave inappropriately towards women in social situations.     

The Relationship of Differentiation,Family Coping Skills,and Family Functioning with Optimism in College-Age Students

The marriage and family therapy (MFT) field would benefit from new research about positive subjective experiences, such as optimism, in order to construct and nurture strengths for developing more positive emotions. Through a better understanding of optimism, marriage and family therapists (MFTs) can explore which strategies might help families and individuals better cope with distressing emotions by building buffering strengths. In this study we address the relationship of differentiation, family coping, and family functioning to optimism. We found that differentiation, family coping, and family functioning each have a significant effect on attributional style. The results of this study also indicated that encouraging clients to take an I-position and to reframe problems, in particular, may lead to greater optimism. This study contributes to the lack of research regarding strength-based theories in the MFT field.     

科耶夫对黑格尔辩证法的批判及其存在论本质辨析——兼论如何理解科耶夫的"哲学人类学"

科耶夫对黑格尔辩证法的解读集中于对其否定性和思辨性的强调,在他看来,辩证法不是单纯的思维运动,而是对存在本身的揭示.科耶夫实现了辩证法由方法论向生存论的转向.通过对黑格尔辩证法的改造,科耶夫完成了两个任务:其一,将原本仅仅具有逻辑思辨性的辩证法转变为一种对真实"存在"的描述;其二,将辩证法对真实"存在"的描述变成一个不断趋向真理的过程.科耶夫将真实"存在"解读为人的生存,辩证法的结构最终成为对人的生存本身的展现.     

Alternative settings for liberal‐conservative exchange: Examining an undergraduate dialogue course

Given the polarization of the early 21st century political atmosphere in the U.S., intergroup dialogue has emerged as a unique alternative setting, with intentions of facilitating a more productive and thoughtful citizen engagement. Although cross‐partisan dialogue efforts are underway in community contexts, they have been slower to reach academic settings. This paper is an exploratory study of our own liberal‐conservative dialogue course at the University of Illinois–the first of its kind, to our knowledge. After describing basic features of the course, we identify themes from student journals and final evaluations suggesting both dialogue benefits and challenges. Finally, we discuss the growing literature around dialogue, questions of its long‐term impact, and larger potential barriers to participation in liberal‐conservative dialogue, specifically. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

分析哲学的分析

为了分析方便,我们列举若干定义,由窄到宽排成一个序列,分析每一定义的指称和意义,从中寻找一个适度定义。这个适度定义就是:分析哲学是以应用语言分析,并且(尽可能地)应用逻辑分析来研究一切哲学问题的哲学。分析哲学在中国的传播和发展遭遇的重大困境主要是分析传统包括语言分析、逻辑分析的匮乏。而其意义和价值也在于消除这一匮乏。分析哲学某些特定形态必然消亡。但是分析哲学本身还在不断发展。分析精神不朽!     

《青少年良心评估问卷》的编制

通过团体施测抽样测查了从初一到大四的被试共1635余人,在进行两次项目分析和探索性因素分析的基础上,正式问卷由认知,情感,行为,意志四个分问卷组成,各分问卷各由四个维度构成,最后《青少年良心评估问卷》由70个项目构成,总问卷的内部一致性系数为0.924,分半系数为0.853,验证性分析表明各分问卷的结构拟合度较好,结果表明良心评估问卷可作为一种评估工具进行使用。     

文本阅读中情境模型时间维度研究*

情境模型时间维度研究是目前文本阅读研究的热点之一。研究者们从不同角度、采用不同范式和技术手段证明了时间维度在情境模型建构中的重要作用,并且在这方面也取得了大量研究成果。文章从理论观点和实证研究两方面对这些研究成果进行梳理和总结,并对未来研究发展做出了展望。     

动态非注意盲中的分心物加工机制：是否存在抑制

系统考察在控制目标与非目标颜色特征属性的条件下, 动态非注意盲中视觉系统是否存在对分心物的抑制机制。实验一为基线实验, 将目标与非目标设置为相同的白色圆形, 考察被试对不同颜色特征(白色或者黑色)新异刺激的觉察情况; 实验二和实验三通过改变目标与非目标的颜色特征, 进一步探讨视觉系统对分心物(包括非目标和新异刺激)的抑制机制。结果发现, 视觉系统对干扰目标追踪(并计数)任务的分心物均产生抑制作用, 并且不同颜色特征的分心物受到的抑制作用不同, 与目标颜色特征相同的分心物受到的抑制作用较大, 相应新异刺激的觉察率低; 与目标颜色特征区分明显的分心物受到的抑制作用较小, 相应新异刺激的觉察率较高。     

动机冲突下2~4岁幼儿反事实思维理解的发展

采用故事法, 考察在3种动机冲突下幼儿反事实思维理解的发展。结果表明：(1) 2岁幼儿的加法、减法反事实思维得分显著高于替代反事实思维。(2)在加法反事实任务中, 2岁幼儿显著低于4岁幼儿;在减法反事实任务中, 3个年龄组得分有显著性差异。(3)在趋避冲突下, 加法与减法反事实得分都显著高于替代反事实。(4)在结果反事实理解任务中, 随着年龄增长, 幼儿结果反事实思维理解能力有显著提高。