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81.
A study is described that tested a model (Feather in Eur Rev Soc Psychol 17:38–73, 2006) relating emotions to the appraisal of outcome deservingness for self or other person. Outcome deservingness was assumed
to depend on the evaluative structure of action/outcome relations (Feather in Values, achievement, and justice: studies in
the psychology of deservingness. Kluwer/Plenum Publishers, New York, 1999b). The study tested predictions about relations between this structure and the emotions of pleasure, admiration, pride, resentment,
anger, sadness, sympathy, guilt, regret, disappointment, and surprise. The study used a hypothetical scenario involving an
applicant for a position in an organization where the applicant could either be other or self. Results that focused on planned
comparisons and the action by focus interactions supported the analysis for both the positive outcome and the negative outcome
conditions and they were consistent with the hypothesis that the appraisal of outcome deservingness would mediate at least
in part the type of emotion that was reported when a positive or negative outcome followed a positive or negative action.
Results were discussed in relation to the social psychology of justice and the emotions. 相似文献
82.
Pepperberg IM Sandefer RM Noel DA Ellsworth CP 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2000,114(4):371-380
Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) learn referential English labels when they view and interact with 2 humans who model vocal labeling and who demonstrate referentiality and functionality of a label (I.M. Pepperberg, 1990a). To test if both trainers are necessary, the authors contrasted 2-trainer modeling with training by 1 human who presented targeted labels to a bird in concert with appropriate items, who asked questions, and who would reward attempts at the label with the item. The bird was also tutored by either 1 or 2 interactive humans in conjunction with a conspecific who already used referential labels. Referential labels were learned from multiple live tutors but not a single trainer. Presence of a conspecific enhanced learning compared with single-trainer sessions but did not affect acquisition in 2-human sessions. Specific aspects of paired tutoring seem critical for acquiring referential vocal labels. 相似文献
83.
Ivar R. Hannikainen Kevin P. Tobia Guilherme da F. C. F. de Almeida Raff Donelson Vilius Dranseika Markus Kneer Niek Strohmaier Piotr Bystranowski Kristina Dolinina Bartosz Janik Sothie Keo Eglė Lauraitytė Alice Liefgreen Maciej Próchnicki Alejandro Rosas Noel Struchiner 《Cognitive Science》2021,45(8):e13024
Despite pervasive variation in the content of laws, legal theorists and anthropologists have argued that laws share certain abstract features and even speculated that law may be a human universal. In the present report, we evaluate this thesis through an experiment administered in 11 different countries. Are there cross-cultural principles of law? In a between-subjects design, participants (N = 3,054) were asked whether there could be laws that violate certain procedural principles (e.g., laws applied retrospectively or unintelligible laws), and also whether there are any such laws. Confirming our preregistered prediction, people reported that such laws cannot exist, but also (paradoxically) that there are such laws. These results document cross-culturally and –linguistically robust beliefs about the concept of law which defy people's grasp of how legal systems function in practice. 相似文献
84.
Marc T. Kiviniemi Erin M. Ellis Marissa G. Hall Jennifer L. Moss Sarah E. Lillie Noel T. Brewer 《Psychology & health》2018,33(1):98-116
Objective: Researchers have historically treated cognition and affect as separate constructs in motivating health behaviour. We present a framework and empirical evidence for complex relations between cognition and affect in predicting health behaviour.Main Outcome, Design and Results: First, affect and cognition can mediate each other’s relation to health behaviour. Second, affect and cognition can moderate the other’s impact. Third, context can change the interplay of affect and cognition. Fourth, affect and cognition may be indelibly fused in some psychological constructs (e.g. worry, anticipated regret and reactance). These four propositions in our framework are not mutually exclusive.Conclusion: Examination of the types of complex relations described here can benefit theory development, empirical testing of theories and intervention design. Doing so will advance the understanding of mechanisms involved in regulation of health behaviours and the effectiveness of interventions to change health behaviours. 相似文献
85.
Marie McCann Mike Anderson Catherine Campbell Noel French Judy McMichael 《Child neuropsychology》2018,24(1):124-144
In two studies, the relationship between sleep and working memory performance was investigated in children born very preterm (i.e., gestation less than 32 weeks) and the possible mechanisms underlying this relationship. In Study 1, parent-reported measures of snoring, night-time sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness were collected on 89 children born very preterm aged 6 to 7 years. The children completed a verbal working memory task, as well as measures of processing speed and verbal storage capacity. Night-time sleep quality was found to be associated with verbal working memory performance over and above the variance associated with individual differences in processing speed and storage capacity, suggesting that poor sleep may have an impact on the executive component of working memory. Snoring and daytime sleepiness were not found to be associated with working memory performance. Study 2 introduced a direct measure of executive functioning and examined whether sleep problems would differentially impact the executive functioning of children born very preterm relative to children born to term. Parent-reported sleep problems were collected on 43 children born very preterm and 48 children born to term (aged 6 to 9 years). Problematic sleep was found to adversely impact executive functioning in the very preterm group, while no effect of sleep was found in the control group. These findings implicate executive dysfunction as a possible mechanism by which problematic sleep adversely impacts upon cognition in children born very preterm, and suggest that sleep problems can increase the cognitive vulnerability already experienced by many of these children. 相似文献
86.
Purpose
To examine how social distance and affective trust in supervisor affect the relationships between supervisor humor and the psychological well-being and job performance of subordinates.Design/Methodology/Approach
A survey was conducted among 322 matched supervisor–subordinate dyads in 14 South Korean organizations. Multi-level analyses were performed to test the research hypotheses, including the moderating effects.Findings
Self-enhancing humor of supervisors was positively associated with the psychological well-being and job performance of subordinates. Affiliative humor was positively associated with psychological well-being, whereas aggressive humor was negatively associated with psychological well-being. In addition, supervisor humor was indirectly related to the psychological well-being of subordinates via social distance. Moreover, affective trust in supervisor significantly moderated the relationship between supervisor humor and social distance, such that the relationship between affiliative humor and social distance was stronger when affective trust in supervisor was high rather than low.Implications
These findings are important in developing and refining humor theory on the responses of employees to various types of supervisor humor. Moreover, they provide practical implications for organizations. For example, organizations should note that supervisor humor may not always produce good results, and thus should encourage managers to use constructive humor. Similarly, supervisors should build a high-trust relationship with their subordinates to increase the effectiveness of their constructive humor.Originality/Value
This study is one of the few studies that has examined the mechanism and boundary conditions of the effects of supervisor humor on employee outcomes.87.
88.
A Developmental Meta-Analysis of Peer Conflict Resolution 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A series of meta-analyses examine developmental trends in peer conflict resolution. Peer conflict resolutions are most likely to involve negotiation, with coercion and then disengagement the next most likely strategies. Patterns of conflict resolution differ with age. Coercion is common among children and disengagement is rare. Negotiation is prevalent among adolescents and young adults; the former do not differ in terms of coercion and disengagement, whereas the latter tend to avoid coercion in favor of disengagement. Conflict resolutions also vary as a function of peer relationships, assessment procedures, and reporters. Negotiation prevails in all peer relationships except those with siblings; there is more negotiation among romantic partners than among friends, and more negotiation among friends than among acquaintances. Negotiation is the overwhelming strategy of choice for those presented with hypothetical disputes, but actual conflicts tend to be resolved by coercion. Observers indicate that most conflicts involve coercive resolutions, in contrast to self-reports, which suggest that negotiation prevails. Although conclusions are qualified by the limited number of studies available, follow-up moderator analyses indicate that negotiation increases and coercion declines with age across most peer relationships, assessment procedures, and reporters such that different patterns of conflict resolution during childhood give way to the same relative ordering of strategies during young adulthood. 相似文献
89.
This article discusses the extent to which New Zealand public sector policies and practices concerning employment and service provision cater for immigrant access and equity needs. The views presented are based on the findings of a study that examined two interrelated areas: (a) the employment and deployment of immigrants with non-English-speaking backgrounds in government organizations; and (b) the degree to which the government services available include, in their delivery systems recognition of the linguistic and cultural requirements of an increasingly diverse population. On the basis of the survey findings, conclusions are reached regarding the need for a coherent and comprehensive policy framework for dealing with immigrant issues. 相似文献
90.