汉字视听再认的ERP效应与记忆提取脑机制

测定了正常青年人汉字再认的事件相关电位(ERP)。观察到对听觉汉字的认知产生“持续中央负成分”,而视觉汉字的认知出现“晚期正成分”,提示汉字的视听认知具有不同的脑机制。汉字视听认知皆出现了新旧效应,即旧词皆引起ERP晚期成分的正走向变化,但视听新旧效应的起始时间与头皮分布不同,听觉效应为右半球优势,视觉效应则出现在左侧顶叶、左侧颞叶后部与右侧枕叶。以上实验结果提示,“优势半球”概念已难以概括半球间的多维动态关系,需要修正。     

再探猜谜作业中“顿悟”的ERP效应

采用事件相关电位(ERP)技术探讨顿悟问题（字谜）解决中提供答案后的脑内时程动态变化。结果发现,在250~400 ms内,“有顿悟”和“不理解”比“无顿悟”的ERP波形均有一个更为负向的偏移。在“有顿悟—无顿悟”和“不理解—无顿悟”的差异波中,这个负成分的潜伏期约为320 ms (N320),地形图显示,N320在中后部活动最强。进一步对“有顿悟—无顿悟”差异波作偶极子溯源分析,发现N320主要起源于扣带前回（ACC）附近。这似乎表明,N320可能反映了提供答案瞬间新旧思路之间的认知冲突,但是却不能真正揭示顿悟问题解决中思维定势的成功突破以及“恍然大悟”所对应的独特脑内时程变化     

揭开顿悟奥秘的一道曙光 ——评罗劲的“顿悟的大脑机制”

人脑是怎样产生“顿悟”或者“灵感”的 ?近百年来一直是心理学家、生物学家 ,甚至是普通民众感兴趣的题目。最近 ,中国科学院心理健康重点实验室罗劲研究员负责的课题小组 ,在顿悟的认知神经基础研究方面取得了重要突破 ,引起了国内外学术界和媒体的关注。有关的功能性磁共振(fMRI)研究成果[1] 被今年 1月刚刚出版的Nature所引用[2 ] ;有关的事件相关脑电位 (ERPs)研究成果被 2 0 0 3年 6月份在美国纽约举行的“人类脑成像”(HumanBrainMapping 2 0 0 3)大会评为 15 91篇论文中的 10余个“会议亮点”之一[3 ] ;系列论文即将在国内外学…     

哈姆雷特的命运观

恰切理解命运在人世中的角色,事关政治智慧.<哈姆雷特>提出了一个问题:潜在统治者遇到不幸时,应如何面对.通过展现哈姆雷特对命运的两种错误看法,莎士比亚显示了与古典哲人的一致:个人的不幸不应归咎于命运或神,而应归因于自己的天性和选择.哈姆雷特与荷马史诗和戏剧的联系,一定程度上揭示了他错误理解命运的原因.尽管哈姆雷特对命运的看法类似于马基雅维利,但他矢志不渝地追求正义,则显示了他与马基雅维利的差异.     

《管子》的生态思想探析

《管子》蕴含有丰富的生态思想,它叙述了植物与海拔、水等生态因子的关系,叙述了各种不同土壤与动植物以及人们健康的关系等;在对待自然资源方面,它要求辩证地遵循自然规律,要求人与自然和谐发展;通过适度索取和"以时禁发"的方式来实现对自然资源的保护,达到永续利用的目的。这些对当今生态文明的建设是不无裨益的。     

Effect of language proficiency and executive control on verbal fluency performance in bilinguals

We use a time-course analysis to examine the roles of vocabulary size and executive control in bilinguals’ verbal fluency performance. Two groups of bilinguals and a group of monolingual adults were tested in English with verbal fluency subtests from the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System. The two bilingual groups were equivalent in their self-rated English proficiency but differed in levels of receptive and expressive vocabulary. We hypothesized that the difference between the two bilingual groups in vocabulary and between the monolingual and bilingual groups in executive control would lead to differences in performance on the category and letter fluency tests and dissociate the roles of vocabulary knowledge and executive control in verbal production. Bilinguals and monolinguals performed equivalently in category fluency, but the high-vocabulary bilingual group outperformed both monolinguals and low-vocabulary bilinguals in letter fluency. An analysis of the retrieval time-course functions in letter fluency showed dissociable effects of resources available at the initiation of the trial, considered to reflect vocabulary size, and ability to monitor and retrieve new items using a novel phonemic-based word searching strategy, considered to reflect executive control. The difference in slope of the best-fitting curves reflected enhanced executive control for both bilingual groups compared to monolinguals, whereas the difference in the starting point of the logarithmic functions reflected higher levels of vocabulary for high-vocabulary bilinguals and monolinguals compared to low-vocabulary bilinguals. The results are discussed in terms of the contributions of linguistic resources and executive control to verbal performance.     

Differential Estimation of Treatment Effect Between Clinician‐Administered and Self‐Reported PTSD Assessments

This study reported the findings of a meta‐analysis exploring differences between clinician‐administered (C‐A) and self‐reported (S‐R) outcomes of counseling and therapy interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder. A sample of 17 randomized trials resulted in 46 effect sizes (23 C‐A, 23 S‐R) representing the data of 1,405 participants. No statistically significant differences were detected between C‐A and S‐R outcome estimates alone or when considering treatment setting; however, differential estimates emerged for modality across age groups.     

广东汕头市公安人员心理健康水平调查研究

为调查了解汕头市公安人员的心理健康状况．本文采用心理症状自评量表(SCL-90)对汕头市区分局的男女警察共339名进行问卷调查,分析所得数据,结果发现：样本总体健康水平高于常模;女警察心理健康程度略高于男警察;治安警在强迫人际关系和忧郁程度方面因子分显著比刑警、巡警高;警龄大于15年的警察群体的躯体化因子分大于警龄小于15年的警察;年龄大的警察样本偏执因子分高于年龄小的样本。结论表明：警察群体的总体心理健康状况良好,但部分群体在某些心理状况方面需加以调整和改善。     

Performance on inhibitory tasks does not relate to handedness in several small groups of Callitrichids

Animal Cognition - Brain lateralization, a trait ubiquitous in vertebrates and invertebrates, refers to structural differences between the left and right sides of the brain or to the left and right...     

算法决策趋避的过程动机理论

算法常用于决策, 但相较于由人类做出的决策, 即便内容相同, 算法决策更容易引起个体反应的分化, 此即算法决策趋避。趋近指个体认为算法的决策比人类的更加公平、含有更少的偏见和歧视、也更能信任和接受, 回避则与之相反。算法决策趋避的过程动机理论用以解释趋避现象, 归纳了人与算法交互所经历的原初行为互动、建立类社会关系和形成身份认同三个阶段, 阐述了各阶段中认知、关系和存在三种动机引发个体的趋避反应。未来研究可着眼于人性化知觉、群际感知对算法决策趋避的影响, 并以更社会性的视角来探究算法决策趋避的逆转过程和其他可能的心理动机。