循证医学的认识论探究

循证医学的兴起被认为是医学界重要的现代化运动,其哲学基础却一直倍受质疑。回顾了循证医学概念的发展和基本假设,整理了从认识论视角质疑循证医学的若干观点,着重介绍循证医学倡导者对循证医学认识论的基本看法,包括证据和知识的关系,观察到的、可观察的和不可观察的事实间的关系,正确地进行观察,指出循证医学不是全新的医学证据产生与运用理论,而是对多种科学推理规则的综合运用。循证医学是应客观需要而产生,因争议而不断自我完善,实现其迅速发展。     

循证理念在当代传染病防控领域的应用

循证医学引发医学领域的创新和革命,其理念应用于公共卫生领域形成了循证公共卫生。21世纪多种新发和复发传染病的全球性暴发为循证理念的应用带来挑战。高风险的研究环境、复杂的干预手段、证据稀缺、研究设计困难,以及在高度不确定和紧迫时间下建立程序和生成建议的需求,使循证方法学必须通过拓展和调适以解决传染病问题。六步骤快速风险评估机制、AGREE Ⅱ指南评估工具、全球传染病循证资源数据库,成为满足传染病防治的特殊要求而创新的循证实践工具。

     

Maternal Depressive Symptoms Predict Girls’ but Not Boys’ Emotion Regulation: A Prospective Moment-to-Moment Observation Study

Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology - We aimed to further the understanding of maternal depressive symptoms on temporal dynamics of child emotion regulation by applying the process...     

Close‐knit ties through thick and thin: Sharing social exclusion and acceptance enhances social bond

Three experiments investigated whether and why sharing experiences of social exclusion or social acceptance with others strengthens social bonds. Participants experienced either social exclusion or social acceptance alongside another co‐participant who either also experienced the same outcome, or experienced a different outcome, as them. Multilevel modeling results showed that participant dyads who shared the experience of social exclusion or social acceptance felt closer to each other than those who experienced different outcomes, and that perceived similarity mediated the effect of shared experiences on social bonds. Interestingly, participants felt closer to one another after having shared social acceptance, more so than when they have shared social exclusion. Implications of the present findings are interpreted in light of theories of social exclusion, shared experiences, and social bonding.     

中国人社会善念的心理结构

为探究中国人社会善念的心理结构, 研究采用人格词汇法, 在开放调查收集的词汇中选取代表社会善念的心理词语, 确立了社会善念词库。通过两次探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析, 得到包含18个人格特质词的社会善念词汇评定量表和包含17项描述的社会善念自陈量表。研究表明, 中国人的社会善念是一种具有二阶四因素结构的人际特质, 二阶是指宜人特质和外倾特质, 四因素分别是善良尊重、谦和恭逊、包容理解和积极开放。     

父母协同教养与学前儿童社会行为的关系:亲子关系和同胞关系的链式中介作用

以河南省某市四所幼儿园大、中、小班共196名学前儿童及其父母和教师为研究对象,基于家庭系统理论,采用父、母填写的父母感知协同教养量表和亲子关系量表、母亲填写的儿童早期同胞关系质量问卷和幼儿教师报告的儿童行为量表探讨亲子关系、同胞关系在父母感知协同教养与学前儿童社会行为之间的中介作用。结果发现：（1）母子冲突和母子亲密分别在母亲感知协同教养与同胞冲突和同胞温暖间起部分中介作用;父子冲突和父子亲密分别在父亲感知协同教养与同胞冲突和同胞温暖间起完全中介作用;（2）父/母子冲突和同胞冲突在母亲感知协同教养和儿童攻击行为间起链式中介作用;父子冲突和同胞冲突在父亲感知协同教养和儿童攻击行为间起链式中介作用。     

SC-IAT范式下中学生良心的内隐性

目的:研究探讨了单类内隐联想测验(Single Category Implicit Association Test,SC-IAT)测量中学生良心的可行性,并分析内隐良心和外显良心的关系。方法:采用E-prime3.0软件编制SC-IAT良心测量程序,测量了中学生内隐良心; 采用青少年良心问卷测量了中学生的外显良心,并运用相关技术分析两者之间的关系。结果:SC-IAT实验中,中学生良心的内隐效应显著,且不存在性别、独生与否、学段、家庭结构、家庭所在地等人口统计学指标上的显著差异; 内隐良心与外显良心之间的相关不显著。结论:(1)中学生良心存在积极内隐效应;(2)外显良心和内隐良心相互分离,是两个不同的建构。     

从一个题词想到的

最近,一位名牌大学的毕业生告诉我,他们大学前任党委书记、现任发展委员会主席于去年9月2日慕名参访了某宗教场所,并欣然题词:“弘扬佛法,力创和谐。”他还告诉我,很多宗教网站都报道了这则新闻。后来,我点击了这则新闻,这位发展委员会主席是到一个计划单列市考察工作时慕名参访宗教场所的。他依次参观了新山门牌楼、新鼓楼、各主要殿堂及文物室,对其建筑成就、塑像风格、文物档次及文化建设等十分赞赏。在饶有兴致地听完介绍后,他谈了自己的认识并题词。目前,我国经济、文化领域出现了多元现象,社会环境宽松了,公民的自由度增加了。这当然…     

构建和谐社会中的公平正义原则及其实现机制

公平正义是一个历史范畴,在不同历史时期、不同的社会形态下体现出不同的时代性内涵和特征.公平正义作为社会主义和谐社会的重要内容和特征,有着特定的时代内涵.形成公平正义的利益格局是构建社会主义和谐社会的关键,它需要完善民主权利保障制度、法律制度、司法体制机制、公共财政制度、收入分配制度、社会保障制度等制度保障体系.     

Bilateral Transcranial Direct Stimulation Over the Primary Motor Cortex Alters Motor Modularity of Multiple Muscles

Abstract

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the primary motor cortex (M1) has been demonstrated to modulate the motor performance of both healthy individuals and patients with neuromuscular disorders. However, the effect of tDCS on motor control of multiple muscles, which is a prerequisite to change in motor performance, is currently unknown. Using dimensionality reduction analysis, we investigated whether bilateral tDCS over M1 modulates the coordinated activity of 12 muscles. Fifteen healthy men participated in this randomized, double-blind crossover study. Each participant received a 20-min sham and 2-mA stimulation bilaterally over M1 (anode on the right M1 and cathode on the left M1), with a minimum washout period of 4?days. Muscle activation and end-point kinematics were evaluated during a task where participants reached out to a marked target with non-dominant hand as fast as possible, before and immediately after tDCS application. We found decreased similarity in motor modularity and significant changes in muscle activation in a specific motor module, particularly when reaching out to a target placed within arm’s length and improved smoothness index of movement only following 2-mA stimulation. These findings indicate that clinicians and researchers need to consider the simultaneous effect of bilateral tDCS over M1 on multiple muscles when they establish tDCS protocol to change in motor performance of patients with neuromuscular deficits.