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Sesame Street is broadcast to millions of children globally, including in some of the world's poorest regions. This meta-analysis examines the effects of children's exposure to international co-productions of Sesame Street, synthesizing the results of 24 studies, conducted with over 10,000 children in 15 countries. The results indicated significant positive effects of exposure to the program, aggregated across learning outcomes, and within each of the three outcome categories: cognitive outcomes, including literacy and numeracy; learning about the world, including health and safety knowledge; social reasoning and attitudes toward out-groups. The effects were significant across different methods, and they were observed in both low- and middle-income countries and also in high-income countries. The results are contextualized by considering the effects and reach of the program, relative to other early childhood interventions. 相似文献
134.
J. Pan J. ?ijerholm A. B. Belonoshko A. Rosengren C. Leygraf 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(12):781-789
Results from impedance spectroscopy measurements at temperatures between 400 and 1000°C, for single crystal and highly pure and dense polycrystalline α-Al2O3 samples with well-defined grain size, are compared with that from molecular dynamics calculation. Between 650 and 1000°C, the measured activation energy for conductivity is 1.5?eV for the single crystal, and increases from 1.6 to 2.4?eV as the grain size decreases from 15 to 0.5?µm. The molecular dynamics calculation leads to the conclusion that the self-diffusion activation energy is about 1.5?eV for O and 1.0?eV for Al in single crystal α-Al2O3. The much higher mobility of O ions makes the O ions responsible for the conductivity of the single crystal oxide. It seems that the grain boundary leads to an increase in the activation energy. However, the quantitative influence of grain boundary still needs to be explained. Between 400 and 650°C, the measured activation energy is about 1.0?eV and independent of the grain size. 相似文献
135.
The constructive episodic simulation hypothesis suggests that we imagine possible future events by flexibly recombining details of past experiences to produce novel scenarios. Here we tested this hypothesis by determining whether episodic future thinking is related to relational memory ability during the preschool years. Children (3- to 5-year-olds) were asked to remember a past event and imagine a possible future event using an adapted version of the recombination paradigm. Relational learning and inference were assessed using a task adapted from the neuroimaging literature. The results show that preschoolers were able to describe both past and possible future events; however, they produced more specific episodic details in relation to past events relative to future events. Episodic future thinking performance was correlated with performance on the relational inference task, consistent with the idea that the ability to flexibly recombine relational knowledge is critical in episodic future thinking. 相似文献
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全视野汉字词义联想的ERP特征与汉字认识的ERP甄别 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
实验刺激模式为“预备信号纯音-屏幕呈现一个提示字一屏幕呈现一个操作字”。令被试者用操作字联想出另一个字以组成词,并口述之。实验组依联想性质分为具体与抽象二项,另进行一项对照实验。每项实验的操作字皆分为认识与不认识两类,脑电记录点为Fz,Cz,Pz,P3-T5中点,P4-T6中点,主要观察到:(1)词义联想引起P3与正慢波(PSW)波幅增大。(2)不认识字联想可导致PSW波幅极显著地增大和潜伏期极显著地延长,(3)无论汉字是否认识,对照组PSW波幅较两个实验组皆高。(4)从PSW中提取出了反映汉字认识与否的纯心理性P800成分。(5)对照组的P800始潜时较两个实验组皆长,这些实验结果表明,除前人提出的PSW具有信息加工完成之认知含义外,PSW尚与汉字形音认知、联想等多重信息加工相关,很可能是复合波;汉字的形音义加工间存在着错综复杂的关系,难以分割;在本实验条件下可使用PSW或P800成分作为甄别汉字是否认识的客观标志。 相似文献
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Chanen AM Jovev M Djaja D McDougall E Yuen HP Rawlings D Jackson HJ 《Journal of personality disorders》2008,22(4):353-364
Young people with borderline personality disorder (BPD) commonly seek help but often go unrecognized. Screening offers a means of identifying individuals for more detailed assessment for early intervention and for research. AIMS: This study compared the McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD), Borderline Personality Questionnaire (BPQ), the BPD items from the International Personality Disorder Examination Screening Questionnaire and the BPD items from the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II disorders (SCID-II) Personality Questionnaire. METHOD: 101 outpatient youth (aged 15-25 years) completed the screening measures and were interviewed, blind to screening status, with the SCID-II BPD module. The screening measures were readministered two weeks later to assess test-retest reliability. RESULTS: All four instruments performed similarly but the BPQ had the best mix of characteristics, with moderate sensitivity (0.68), the highest specificity (0.90), high negative predictive value (0.91) and moderate positive predictive value (0.65). Compared to the other three instruments, the BPQ had the highest overall diagnostic accuracy (0.85), a substantially higher kappa (0.57) with the criterion diagnosis, the highest test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.92) and the highest internal consistency (alpha = 0.92). The only clear difference to emerge in the Receiver Operator Curve (ROC) analysis was that the BPQ significantly outperformed the MSI (p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: Screening for BPD in out-patient youth is feasible but is not a replacement for clinical diagnosis. 相似文献
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过去一个世纪以来,国际性兼并、收购和战略联盟急剧增多,然而大部分并购案例均以失败告终,无法达到其原定目标,有的甚至使企业陷入困境.导致并购失败的最主要原因是并购后的整合失败,并非战略与财政不当.领导行为在组织变革和组织再造过程中起着关键性作用,但其在组织并购整合过程中的作用却一直被研究者忽视.全球范围内并购浪潮的持续增长要求领导者迅速提升自身的应对能力,但领导在组织并购整合中的作用机制尚待深入研究.本文介绍了企业并购整合过程中所需的基本领导模式、相关研究的理论基础与方向,以期为提高并购整合活动的领导效力及深入研究提供参考. 相似文献
140.
研究采用4(呈现方式:小-小、小-大、大-小、大-大)×2(文本内容:句子、“※”串)的被试内设计,考察了文本字符呈现大小对读者眼跳选择目标和注视持续时间的影响。结果发现:(1)读者在浏览不同呈现方式的“※”串时的眼动模式基本上与阅读相应呈现方式的句子类似;(2)句子完全是由双字词构成,词内的首字和尾字大小不等(‘小-大”和“大-小”呈现条件)严重影响阅读效率;(3)读者在阅读句子时的注视时间高于浏览“※”串时的注视时间。结果说明,视觉呈现方式和词汇加工均影响读者的眼动模式。 相似文献