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221.
In a provocative article, Heine et al. concluded that self-esteem needs are less important in collectivistic, East Asian countries than in individualistic, Western ones. Their conclusion was based, in part, on evidence that: (i) self-esteem scores are less positively biased in Japan than in Western countries; and that (ii) low self-esteem is less predictive of psychological distress in Japan than in Western countries. The present research examined whether these cultural differences occur in another collectivistic culture: The People's Republic of China. Two meta-analyses were conducted. Study 1 found that, for young and old alike, self-esteem was positively biased, with most participants reporting high levels of self-esteem. Study 2 found that low self-esteem in China is associated with three indicators of psychological distress: depression, anxiety and low subjective well-being. These findings are consistent with results in Western samples and suggest that high self-esteem may indeed be a universal psychological imperative. 相似文献
222.
Attention to a prepulse presented shortly before a startling stimulus enhances prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle in normal
people, but not in schizophrenics. Fear conditioning for the prepulse enhances PPI in socially reared, but not isolation-reared,
rats. In humans, selective attention to acoustic signals against masking can be facilitated by precedence-effect-induced perceived
spatial separation between the signal and the masker. This study investigated whether perceived spatial separation between
a prepulse and a noise masker enhances PPI in socially reared rats and isolation-reared rats. The results show that both PPI
and conditioning-induced PPI enhancement were larger in socially reared rats than in isolation-reared rats. More important,
in socially reared, but not isolation-reared, rats, a further PPI enhancement was induced by precedence-effect-induced perceived
separation between a prepulse and a masker only after the prepulse became fear conditioned. Thus, perceived separation facilitates
normal rats’ attention to a conditioned prepulse and enhances PPI. Isolation rearing impairs rats’ ability to attend to ecologically
significant acoustic events. 相似文献
223.
当代大学生对竞争认识的调查研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
以天津市和广州市532名大学生为被试,采用半开放式问卷,采用团体测试的方式,研究了他们对竞争的认识,并对这种认识进行了理论分析。研究结果发现:(1)大学生由竞争一词最易联想到“激烈”、“残酷”、“公平或不公平”、“压力或动力”等内容;(2)大学生认为竞争存在的领域从高到低依次是商业与市场经济、就业与工作、比赛与体育运动、学习与考试、国家与社会等;(3)大学生认为竞争是“激烈”、“残酷”、“对抗”等;(4)大学生认为竞争的主要作用是动力、压力和机遇或挑战;(5)大学生对竞争性质的认识存在显著的性别差异和地区差异。 相似文献
224.
Zhongwei Wu 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2007,2(3):336-344
Along with the Chan’s “linguistic turn”, the significance of sutras, which were despised and even regarded as the obstacle
to complete enlightenment, became accepted by the Chan. Due to Yanshou’s contributions, the principle that emphasized the
diversity of teaching in terms of the relationship between meaning and expression in the Sui and Tang Dynasties has been changed
into a system which stressed the importance of the root/branches relationship of the mind and words. According to Yanshou,
the conflict between the Chan and doctrinal teachings is resolved by highlighting the significance of words. Yanshou’s work
greatly inspired the Chan’s interest in words in the Song Dynasty.
__________
Translated from Jiangsu Shehui Kexue 江苏社会科学 (Jiangsu Social Sciences), 2005, (5): 109–113 相似文献
225.
近乎完美量表修订版(APS-R)的中文修订 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
对近乎完美量表修订版(APS-R)进行中文修订,并考察其信度和效度。1174名大学生参加正式测试,321名学生7周后参加了复测。结果显示,量表的内部一致性信度、分半信度和重测信度比较理想;探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析均支持APS-R的高标准、差异和秩序的理论建构;高标准分量表与自尊、自我效能感、正性情绪呈正相关,差异分量表与抑郁、特质焦虑、状态焦虑和负性情绪呈正相关。APS-R中文修订版具有较高的信效度,可以作为国内完美主义研究、心理咨询和治疗工作的一个有效工具。 相似文献
226.
言语理解中的知觉符号表征与命题符号表征 总被引:12,自引:2,他引:10
采用移动窗口技术探讨言语理解中信息表征的方式。被试为华南师范大学本科生96名。实验材料按照探测图画中物体的形状跟先前阅读的句子中描述的物体的隐含形状的关系总体上分为两类,一类是匹配版本,一类是不匹配版本。采用相关样本t检验分别对两种条件下图画再认的反应时间和正确率进行统计分析。实验1中被试读完句子以后马上进行图画探测任务,结果表明这时被试头脑中进行的是知觉符号表征。实验2中被试的阅读任务难度增大,结果表明这时被试头脑中进行的是命题符号表征。实验3中被试阅读的关键信息进入长时记忆以后再进行图画探测任务,结果表明这时被试头脑中进行的也是命题符号表征。总的实验结果表明言语理解中既存在知觉符号表征,也存在命题符号表征,知觉符号表征是信息表征的一种早期状态,人类头脑中最终的信息表征形式主要是命题符号表征。 相似文献
227.
关于隐喻的研究和应用在各个领域都有体现,并且呈现日趋增多的趋势,迄今隐喻已经成为工业心理学研究的一项重要课题。文章介绍了国外隐喻的理论发展、隐喻在各个领域的应用研究,以及总结了目前隐喻研究中所存在的一些问题。隐喻理论从早期的局限于语言修辞的传统理论到具有广泛意义的现代认知理论,从揭示隐喻“靶”事物和“源”事物内在关系的相互作用理论到隐喻对事物逼真性的构造理论,这一系列的概念、理论发展和演化过程充分体现了隐喻在人类的认知和语言发展中的所具有的重要意义。随着理论研究的深入,隐喻在各个领域的应用也越来越普遍,这些领域包括网络技术、工程设计、人机交互、组织行为、企业管理等。然而目前对隐喻应用和研究仍旧存在一些局限性,例如研究者的工作大都局限于描述性和解释性的研究,在使用隐喻思想进行的设计和评价时也仍旧缺乏一个操作性的参照基准,因此更为全面和深入地探讨对于隐喻的进一步研究和应用有十分重要的意义。文章以此为出发点,通过提供隐喻研究和应用一个整体的框架,为进一步研究提供一些参考和启示。 相似文献
228.
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230.
Quyen Q. Tiet Hector R. Bird Christina W. Hoven Ping Wu Robert Moore Mark Davies 《Journal of child and family studies》2001,10(3):347-365
Maternal psychopathology has long been recognized as a risk factor for psychopathology in offspring; however, some resilient youth achieve a favorable outcome in the presence of maternal psychopathology. We identified factors that predicted resilience among youth who were exposed to adverse life events, and also examined whether the same factors protected youth against maternal psychopathology and adverse life events. Main and interaction effects of child and family factors were examined employing cross-sectional data from a household probability sample of 1285 youth aged 9 through 17 collected at four sites. On average, children exhibited a greater degree of resilience when they had higher IQ, closer parental monitoring, better family functioning, higher educational aspiration, and were female. Interaction between maternal psychopathology and IQ was significant, and there was a trend between maternal psychopathology and gender. A higher IQ is a protective factor against both maternal psychopathology and adverse life events; whereas being a girl seems to be a protective factor against maternal psychopathology, but not adverse life events. 相似文献