Influence of irrelevant information on human performance: Effects of S-R association strength and relative timing

Six experiments examined effects of stimulus-response (S-R) association strength and relative timing on the magnitude of consistency effects for irrelevant information in Stroop-like tasks. Keypresses were made to two-dimensional stimuli (a colour or location word surrounded by a coloured rectangle or arrow), with the irrelevant information presented simultaneously with or prior to the relevant information. With simultaneous presentation, irrelevant information affected performance regardless of whether its S-R association was weak or strong, if the relevant S-R association was weak (e.g., colour word to keypress). However, a weak irrelevant S-R association (location word to keypress) had little effect when paired with a strong relevant S-R association (arrow direction to keypress), except when the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between the irrelevant and relevant information was 300 ms. When the relevant information was colour, the effect of an irrelevant colour word persisted at a 500-ms SOA but that of an irrelevant physical colour did not, reflecting different decay functions for irrelevant verbal and non-verbal information. The persisting effect of an irrelevant colour word was reduced by articulatory suppression and eliminated at extended SOAs of 3 s. The results indicate that whether the consistency effect patterns are symmetric or asymmetric is determined by the relative strengths of the relevant and irrelevant S-R associations, as specified by the criteria of conceptual and mode similarity. The magnitude of the consistency effect is also a function of the temporal overlap of the resulting response activation, which is determined primarily by mode similarity.     

共同体感与道德赋能——论共同善的情感基础与实践机制

共同善是伦理学的一个重要范畴,但公共与私人、共同体与自我之间的冲突常常会导致现实中面对"共同善"时难以回避的道德两难困境。对共同体与个人何者优先的不同回答,会导致对"共同善"概念的不同理解。若把共同善建基于个体自我关切的互惠互利,则容易陷入"单元论"的谬误;而在交互主体性的视角中强调共同体之优先性,虽在概念上更为完备,但同样难以回应多元文化"不可通约性"的诘难。因此,要回应这一诘难并为共同善进行辩护,其中一个方案是论证"共同体感"的先天价值,为共同善建构稳固的道德情感基础。而在实践中,共同体感的先天存在无法避免共同善所遭受的冷遇及不同个体在实践中所呈现的特殊性,这一难题的解决需要我们进一步探索共同善的道德实践机制,这为激发道德感知与规范情感的道德赋能概念创造了理论和实践空间。     

Infinitesimal Gunk

Journal of Philosophical Logic - In this paper, I advance an original view of the structure of space called Infinitesimal Gunk. This view says that every region of space can be further divided and...     

齐地音乐之音地关系探微

音乐行为作为人类的实践活动之一,与地理环境之间有着比其他文化现象更为密切的联系。齐乐作为齐文化的分支之一,与当时的地理人文环境存在着密不可分的关联,受到诸如地理地貌、民俗民风、农业生产、航运交流等各方面的积极影响。从齐地的音地关系出发,进一步论证齐乐的发展现象是一件很有意义的工作。     

马基雅维里的共和主义政治观

创建自由共和国是马基雅维里的终极理想.他的共和国所要遵循的政治原则是通过一系列共和主义核心语汇体现出来的,概而言之就是在国家层面上实行法的统治,在社会层面上弘扬公民美德.这两方面相辅相成,决定并维护着自由国家的性质.