To see or not to see: effects of exercising in mirrored environments on sedentary women's feeling states and self-efficacy.

Effects of a mirrored exercise environment and body image concerns on changes in exercise-induced feeling states and self-efficacy were examined among 58 sedentary women (mean age = 20.7 years). Participants performed a 20-min bout of exercise in front of either a mirrored or a nonmirrored wall. Feeling states and self-efficacy were measured pre- and postexercise. Multilevel linear modeling indicated that regardless of their level of body image concern, women in the mirrored condition felt worse after exercising than women in the unmirrored condition. There were no effects of the environment or body image on self-efficacy. Results are consistent with predictions of objective self-awareness theory and have implications for promoting exercise among sedentary women.     

Early Cognitive Decline and Its Impact On Spouse’s Loneliness

Loneliness is common in dementia caregivers as cognitive impairment (CI) alters marital and social relationships. Unexplored is how an individual’s loneliness is affected at earlier, more ambiguous, periods of their spouse’s CI. Using the Health and Retirement Study, our study participants included 2,206 coupled individuals with normal cognitive function at the 2006/8 baseline. Loneliness outcomes at baseline, 4-year, and 8-year follow-up are assessed by the status of transition to cognitive impairment no dementia (TCIND) (2010/12 & 2014/16) using linear mixed models. Individual’s loneliness was stable when their spouse’s cognition remained normal, but increased with the spouse’s TCIND. The increase in loneliness did not vary by gender. Loneliness, a key risk factor for reduced life quality and increased depression, increases even at early stages of a partner’s CIND. This work suggests the potential impact of early intervention and social support for partners of individuals with CIND.     

《管子》“城郭不必中规矩”探析

《管子》倡导“城郭不必中规矩”，体现出因地制宜、“和而不同”的务实精神，广为我国古代城址规划建设所“兼容”。“不规矩”与“规矩”是互补而非替代关系，通常表现为“中体西用”，“体”即“规矩”；“用”则“不规矩”。研究表明，城址规划被环境所限定，环境则透过城址规划的“不规矩”而被解释，并表现出阶段性差异。一般而言，在地形完整的新建城市中，受礼制思想影响，采用“规矩”方整的布局方式；而在有山川河流或改建城市中，则根据地形随宜变通，凸现“不规矩”形态。     

《韩湘子全传》与道情

<韩湘子全传>,又名<韩湘子十二度韩昌黎全传>、<韩昌黎全传>、<韩湘子得道>、<韩湘子>等,是由明代杨尔曾编写的一部通俗小说.杨尔曾,字圣鲁,号雉衡山人,又号夷白主人,又号钱塘卧游道人;生活于明万历天启年间.除<韩湘子全传>之外,他还编撰了<东西晋演义>等通俗小说,另有<仙嫒纪事>九卷、<海内奇观>十卷、<图绘宗彝>八卷等.他热心于书籍的编撰出版,与其从事书坊业的活动有关.     

Predicting children's media use in the USA: Differences in cross‐sectional and longitudinal analysis

The purpose of this paper is to examine the predictors of children's media use in the USA, comparing cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses. Data come from Waves 1 and 2 of the Child Development Supplement (CDS‐I; CDS‐II), a nationally representative sample of American children aged 0–12 in 1997 and 5–18 in 2002. Twenty‐four hour time use diaries are used to assess children's time spent with media (television, video games, computers, and reading). Predictors examined include socio‐demographics, neighbourhood quality, family factors, and other media use. Ordinary least square (OLS) multiple regressions were performed by three age groups (preschoolers, early school age, and preadolescence). The findings suggest that neighbourhood quality, parental limits and family conflict are significant predictors of children's media use within time or over time, but the significance depends on the type of media and child's developmental stage. In addition, children's television viewing and reading habits are formed early in life and reinforced over time. This study is among the first to provide empirical evidence for the effect of early contextual factors on the life course of children's media use from a developmental perspective.     

从“批判性讨论”的理想模型到具体情境中的论证性会话——“语用论辩术”论证理论的逐步发展

在本文中,弗兰斯·范·爱默伦对语用论辩术理论的发展历程加以了概述,清晰说明了该理论如何从建构理想的"批判性讨论"模型,逐步和系统地发展到对真实论证实践中基本论证模式的探究。首先,他介绍了语用论辩术之"标准"理论的基本内容,该理论是以"论辩的合理性"为旨归的。进而,他概述了一些旨在巩固和完善语用论辩术"标准"理论的经验研究。之后,他讨论了语用论辩术的"扩展"理论,该理论的特点在于增加了探讨"取效性"的修辞学维度。随后,他介绍了一些与"遵从合理性来达到取效性"相关的经验研究,这些研究都是基于在"扩展"理论中所引入的"策略性操控"概念。最后,他说明了论证性会话所发生的"制度化语境"如何被纳入到了语用论辩术理论建构当中。进而,他对当前语用论辩术关于"典型论证模式"的研究加以了讨论,这些论证模式都关联于在特定语境中实施策略性操控的制度性先决条件。