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81.
Yann Joly Shahad Salman Ida Ngueng Feze Palmira Granados Moreno Michèle Stanton-Jean Jacqueline Lacey Micheline Labelle Janet Dench Edward S. Dove Idil Atak Coline Bellefleur Torsten Heinemann Hugues Langlais Roger Love 《Journal of International Migration and Integration》2017,18(2):391-404
Countries have adopted different laws, policies, and practices that allow immigration officers to request in certain cases DNA tests to confirm biological relationships in the context of family reunification. In Canada, Citizenship and Immigration Canada has adopted a policy of suggesting DNA testing only as a last resort in cases where no documentary evidence has been submitted or where the evidence provided is deemed unsatisfactory. However, in practice, there have been concerns on the increasing use of DNA tests in family reunification processes of nationals from certain regions including Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Moreover, the Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations (IRPR) presents a biological definition of family as a determinant of parenthood in the context of family reunification that is inconsistent with the psychosocial definition used in provincial family laws. Although there are cases that can justify the request for DNA tests, there are also significant social, legal, and ethical issues, including discrimination and unfair practices, raised by this increasing use of genetic information in immigration. This policy brief identifies points to consider for policymakers regarding the use of DNA testing in Canadian family reunification procedures. These include (1) the need to refine the policy of “using DNA testing as a last resort” and its implementation, (2) the need to modify the definition of “dependent child” under the IRPR to reflect the intrinsic reality of psychosocial family ties, and (3) the importance of conducting more research on the use of DNA testing in other immigration contexts. 相似文献
82.
Persistent ERK activation maintains learning-induced long-lasting modulation of synaptic connectivity 下载免费PDF全文
Cohen-Matsliah SI Seroussi Y Rosenblum K Barkai E 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2008,15(10):756-761
Pyramidal neurons in the piriform cortex from olfactory-discrimination (OD) trained rats undergo synaptic modifications that last for days after learning. A particularly intriguing modification is reduced paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) in the synapses interconnecting these cells; a phenomenon thought to reflect enhanced synaptic release. The molecular machinery underlying this prolonged physiological modulation of synaptic connectivity is yet to be described. We have recently shown that extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) pathway and protein kinase C (PKC) are also required for learning-induced enhancement of intrinsic neuronal excitability. Here we examine whether these signal-transduction cascades are instrumental for the learning-induced, long-lasting PPF reduction. Days after learning completion, PD98059, a selective inhibitor of MEK, the upstream kinase of ERK, increased PPF in neurons from trained, but not in neurons from na?ve and pseudo-trained rats. Consequently, the differences in PPF between neurons from trained rats and controls were abolished. The level of activated ERK in synaptoneurosomes was significantly higher in piriform cortex samples prepared from trained rats. Notably, ERK activation revealed that PPF reduction lags behind ERK activation by 2 d. Similarly, the PKC blocker, GF-109203X, enhanced PPF in neurons from trained rats only, thus abolishing the differences between groups. Interestingly, the PKC activator, OAG, had no effect, indicating that PKC activation is required, but not sufficient for long-lasting PPF reduction. Our data show that persistent ERK activation has a key role in maintaining learning-induced PPF reduction for days. This time frame of compartmental ERK-dependent synaptic modulation suggests a novel role for ERK in cortical function. 相似文献
83.
The abilities of males and females to make spatial inferences were compared. Spatial inference is concerned with the ability to work out new spatial information from memory. In two experiments, participants had to study line drawings depicting shapes linked either by straight or meandering lines. Afterwards, they had to remember the straight-line distances or to infer the straight-line distances. Several spatial abilities were also assessed: perceptual discrimination, mental rotation, and visuo-spatial working memory span. The results showed that males outperformed females in spatial inference and mental rotation. Experiment 2 extended the study to old people. The results replicated and clarified those obtained in Experiment 1. Spatial inference and mental rotation showed age-related and gender-related differences; in addition, age reduced the visuo-spatial memory span. Overall, the findings suggest that gender differences favouring males are maximised with tasks requiring active processing and strategic control of metric information. 相似文献
84.
Neuropsychological methods and techniques have much to offer in the evaluation of the individual suspected as having Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD). After a review of the historical evolution of the ADHD concept, incidence and prevalence, and DSM-IV criteria
for diagnosis, especially as regards omission related to gender differences, and other associated cultural, familial, socioenvironmental,
and subject influences, this paper describes a number of dilemmas and obstacles encountered in clinical practice. Included
are the confounds associated with the wide range of possible comorbidities, the insufficiency of current DSM-IV criteria,
the emergence of subtype differentiation and its impact on diagnosis and treatment. The complex relationship between neuropsychological
constructs and ADHD, and obstacles to valid assessment are also addressed. The complexities associated with a thorough ADHD
evaluation are viewed within an impressive and expansive existing scientific framework and recommendations are made for future
directions. 相似文献
85.
In this paper the authors discuss the most prominent views addressing the issue of how we imitate actions. It is argued that the existing theories lay along a continuum, with the direct mapping approach at one end (Butterworth, 1990; Gray, Neisser, Shapiro, & Kouns, 1991) the Active Intermodal Matching approach (Melzoff & Moore, 1997) in the middle, and the goal-directed theory (Bekkering, Wohlsh?ger, & Gattis, 2000) and the dual route theory (Rumiati & Tessari, 2002) at the opposite end. Interestingly the latter views can account for behaviors that cannot be explained by invoking the direct mapping or the Active Intermodal Matching approach. 相似文献
86.
The abilities of males and females to make spatial inferences were compared. Spatial inference is concerned with the ability to work out new spatial information from memory. In two experiments, participants had to study line drawings depicting shapes linked either by straight or meandering lines. Afterwards, they had to remember the straight-line distances or to infer the straight-line distances. Several spatial abilities were also assessed: perceptual discrimination, mental rotation, and visuo-spatial working memory span. The results showed that males outperformed females in spatial inference and mental rotation. Experiment 2 extended the study to old people. The results replicated and clarified those obtained in Experiment 1. Spatial inference and mental rotation showed age-related and gender-related differences; in addition, age reduced the visuo-spatial memory span. Overall, the findings suggest that gender differences favouring males are maximised with tasks requiring active processing and strategic control of metric information. 相似文献
87.
Kris L. Kaemingk Marissa E. Carey Ida M. Moore Michele Herzer John J. Hutter 《Child neuropsychology》2013,19(1):14-23
Difficulties in math are the most frequently reported area of academic deficit in survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and the most frequent academic complaint among parents of ALL survivors. However, previous studies that included measures of math skills have been limited by the use of only a single measure of math skills, most often a measure of written calculations, without any assessment of math reasoning or math application skills. Further, the nature of these math difficulties has not been adequately investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine the performance of ALL survivors using multiple measures of math skills. Performance was compared to a group of healthy controls matched for age and sex as well as to normative levels. Other measures of neuropsychological function were also administered, and the relationships between these measures and the math measures were explored. Converging evidence for math difficulties in ALL survivors compared to healthy controls and normative levels was found. While ALL survivors generally performed within the average range on measures of math skills, math performance was mostly related to memory function and dominant-hand psychomotor speed. By contrast, math performance of healthy children was mostly related to basic reading skills and visual-motor integration. These findings shed light on the nature of math difficulties in ALL survivors and have implications for intervention. 相似文献
88.
In two experiments, we explored whether emotional context influences imitative action tendencies. To this end, we examined how emotional pictures, presented as primes, affect imitative tendencies using a compatibility paradigm. In Experiment 1, when seen index finger movements (lifting or tapping) and pre-instructed finger movements (tapping) were the same (tapping–tapping, compatible trials), participants were faster than when they were different (lifting–tapping, incompatible trials). This compatibility effect was enhanced when the seen finger movement was preceded by negative primes compared with positive or neutral primes. In Experiment 2, using only negative and neutral primes, the influence of negative primes on the compatibility effect was replicated with participants performing two types of pre-instructed finger movements (tapping and lifting). This emotional modulation of the compatibility effect was independent of the participants' trait anxiety level. Moreover, the emotional modulation pertained primarily to the compatible conditions, suggesting facilitated imitation due to negatively valent primes rather than increased interference. We speculate that negative stimuli increase imitative tendencies as a natural response in potential flight-or-fight situations. 相似文献
89.
Markus Jansson-Fröjmark Allison G. Harvey Ida K. Flink 《Cognitive behaviour therapy》2020,49(2):120-136
ABSTRACTThe purpose was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Insomnia Catastrophizing Scale (ICS) including factorial validity and internal consistency as well as discriminative and convergent validity. Associations with sleep parameters and daytime impairment are also examined. Drawn from a randomly selected sample of the general population, 1615 participants completed a survey on insomnia-related nighttime and daytime symptoms, health outcomes and psychological processes, including the ICS. A one-factor solution was supported for both the nighttime catastrophizing (11 items) and daytime catastrophizing (6 items) subscales. Both subscales displayed high internal consistencies (α > 0.90) and accounted for 59.1–70.1% of the variance. The insomnia disorder group had significantly higher scores than participants without insomnia on the two subscales and on the individual items. Cutoffs were established for both subscales with acceptable sensitivity and specificity. Both subscales displayed adequate convergent validity with measures indexing worry, cognitive pre-sleep arousal and anxiety. The two subscales were also significantly associated with nighttime and daytime insomnia symptoms. The ICS is a reliable and valid scale for the assessment of insomnia-related catastrophizing. Future research is needed to examine the test-retest reliability and treatment sensitivity of the ICS. 相似文献
90.