北京市道路交通标志的心理学评价

实验分三部分进行。第一部分使用汽车司机调查表测定80种标志的可理解度,对标志意义的85％正确理解率定为标志可接受性标准。第二部分对第一部分中未达到标准的标志进一步进行长时记忆测验,以85％的再认正确率作为标志可接受的标准。第三部分对第一部分中未达到标准的标志进行短时记忆再认正确率和再认反应时测验,并对第二、第三部分的结果进行相关分析。结果表明:(1)65种标志理解度达到可接受标准,(2)交通标志的理解度主要取决于标志本身图形符号的直观性和单义性,以及司机的过去经验和学习效果。司机对标志的态度也对理解度有一定影响,(3)在理解度未达到标准的15种标志中,有14种的学习和记忆效果较好,长时记忆和短时记忆再认正确率都达到可接受标准。(4)“解除禁止超车”标志各项测验成绩均未达到标准,不宜作为正式标志使用,(5)以长时记忆和短时记忆再认正确率以及正确再认反应时作为指标来评价交通标志的优劣程度同样有效。     

Grading the ‘cultural literacy’ project

The essay examines the argument advanced by E.D. Hirsch, Jr., for instituting ‘cultural literacy’ as a fundamental priority of schools. A number of confusions and equivocations in Hirsch's reasoning are identified, and the propensity of his project to indoctrinate is exposed. Among the features of Hirsch's argument shown to be troubling are his shifting construal of ‘language’, his inconsistency about the requirements of cultural literacy, and his uncritical relation to traditional images of the American past and present. The upshot is to raise the question why Hirsch's project has elicited wide support and praise.