时间记忆的理论与实验范型

从时距、时点和参照时间三个方面评述了７０年代至今所提出的９种时间记忆理论,分析了时间记忆实验在操作任务、实验维度和实验指标上的范型,进而提出了分段综合的研究构想。     

模糊偏序关系在心理学研究中的应用

本文首次给出建立模糊偏序关系矩阵的可行途径。以大学生的颜色爱好实验为例,论证了采用本文所建立的模糊偏序关系矩阵进行排序的方法是制作顺序量表的一种较佳方法。     

Heart rate—QT relationships during baroreceptor stimulation with diminished autonomic influence on the ventricles

The shortening of the QT interval of the electrocardiogram coincident with acceleration of heart rate and vice versa has been accepted for many years as evidence that the action potential duration and hence QT are necessarily dependant on heart rate. Exceptions to this rule have been attributed to the intervention of counteracting autonomic effects. In order to test this assumption, 26 conscious dogs divided into three groups were tested during baroreceptor stimulation by a bolus injection of phenylephrine. Seventeen dogs had been used in earlier studies in which they had undergone an experimental anterior myocardial infarction with apparent full recovery. A group of those dogs underwent beta-adrenergic blockade by intravenous atenolol 30 min prior to the baroreceptor activation. To test the intactness of the baroreceptor responses in the previously infarcted dogs, a third group of nine dogs that had had no prior myocardial infarction was included. All dogs were adapted to the laboratory environment and were not sedated during experiments. Simultaneous recordings of RR, QT interval, and phasic arterial pressure were made in all dogs before and during baroreceptor stimulation. In the normal group, and the previously infarcted group that received no atenolol, baroreceptor stimulation elicited a small (8/msec), but significant prolongation of the QT associated with a nearly 50% reduction in heart rate. The QT interval of the atenolol-treated dogs, although significantly more prolonged before stimulation, remained unchanged during the reflex. The data indicate that withdrawal of ventricular sympathetic tone may prolong the QT interval, thereby confirming the role of sympathetic innervation in the control of QT. This inference was strengthened by the complete absence of change of QT after atenolol block and the absence of any detectable influence of vagal activity on ventricular repolarization during the reflex. Therefore, in what appeared to be the absence of evidence of autonomic influence, no inverse relationship between heart rate and QT was observed.     

时间词义赋值特征的分析

本研究用模糊统计试验方法对9个时间修饰词作了经验赋值工作。被试260名本科大学生和160名高中生。结果表明,给定的9个时间修饰词都是模糊概念,其中“此刻”的模糊度最小,“将来”和“过去”的模糊度最大,“不久”的模糊度较大。对大学生来说,9个时间修饰词的模糊度由小到大的排列顺序为“此刻”、“刚才”、“现在”、“即将”、“遥远的未来”“很久以前”“不久”“过去”“将来”。对高中生来说,9个时间修饰词的模糊度由小到大的排列顺序为“此刻”、“现在”、“刚才”、“即将”、“遥远的未来”、“很久以前”、“不久”、“过去”、“将来”。词义的模糊度与评量的把握度呈负相关。给定的9个时间修饰词在心理量表上的距离是不等的。     

情绪的早期哲学思想

本文对西方心理学史上一些重要的哲学思想就情绪的本质、情绪与认识的关系以及情绪与动机的关系等基本问题进行一定的分析和论述,为进一步认识和理解西方情绪心理学提供一定的历史背景。     

中学生应对方式的初步研究

用经过信效度检验的自编中学生应对方式量表对１２５４名中学生的测量结果表明,我国中学生对挫折和烦恼的应对方式主要是问题解决、求助、退避、发泄、幻想和忍耐;女生比男生更多采用发泄和忍耐应对,男生比女生更多采用幻想应对;重点中学学生比普通中学学生更多采用问题解决应对,而较少采用幻想和退避应对;随着年龄的发展中学生应对方式的变化趋势不明显。     

Psychological Dysfunction in Southeast Asian Refugees as Mediated by Sense of Coherence

Investigated Antonovky's (1979, 1987) construct of sense of coherence (i.e., an individual's belief that the world was comprehensible, manageable, and meaningful) as the internal psychological mechanism mediating the effects of external stressors (generalized resistance deficits) and resources on psychological dysfunction (measured by depression, anxiety, and psychosocial dysfunction) in 2,234 Vietnamese, Cambodian, Laotian, Hmong, and Chinese-Vietnamese refugees. Generalized resistance and deficits significantly predicted sense of coherence as well as psychological dysfunction. The amount of variance accounted for increased significantly when the mediating effect of sense of coherence was tested using a path analysis. Sense of coherence significantly reduced the predictive power of generalized resistance and deficits in the psychological dysfunction models. Results support the hypothesized mediating role of sense of coherence. Thus, interventions aiming to enhance Southeast Asian refugees' functioning may gain in effectiveness by targeting and promoting their sense of coherence.     

青少年自我价值感量表构念效度的验证性因素分析

用自编的青少年自我价值感量表对我国 9个大城市的大中学校的 4 931名学生进行了再测量 ,以其中的2 4 2 0名学生的数据进行一阶因素模型的比较分析 ,另外 2 5 11名学生的数据进行二阶因素模型的验证性分析。结果显示 ,我们提出的自我价值感的多层次多维度模型是合理。该模型包括总体自我价值感、一般自我价值感和特殊自我价值感三个层次 ;总体自我价值感抽象程度最高 ,其次是一般自我价值感包含社会取向和个人取向两种 ,抽象程度最低的是特殊自我价值感表现为生理的、心理的、人际的、道德的和家庭的自我价值感 5个具体方面同时也表现为社会取向和个人取向两种。该量表包含 5 6个题项从不同的抽象层次和具体方面对所构建的自我价值感模型进行测量 ,具有较好的构念效度     

结构限制和信息干扰对双重作业绩效的影响

研究通过改变双重任务呈现的间隔时间来探讨结构限制与信息干扰对双重任务操作绩效的影响。实验结果表明：(1)两种作业呈现的间隔时间对双重任务操作绩效有明显的影响。间隔时间越大,双重任务的作业绩效越高。(2)信息干扰对双重任务的操作有明显的影响。信息干扰越大,双重任务的操作绩效越差。(3)两个作业呈现的间隔时间不同并不影响信息干扰对双重任务操作绩效的作用。根据实验结果,该研究提出了三因素假设：结构限制、信息干扰和资源竞争是影响双重任务操作绩效的三个主要因素。     

自我设限及其研究范型和影响因素

自我设限是指个体针对可能来到的失败威胁而事先设计障碍以自我保护或自我提升。自我设限可细分为行为的自我设限、声称的自我设限以及抬举他人,但缺乏对这三种策略的机制、前置因素和后续结果的比较研究。影响自我设限的因素主要有任务性质、评价情境以及性别、自尊、归因倾向等,但对自我设限动机的探讨应更多考察评价情境与其他中介变量的交互作用,以及内隐自尊对自我设限的影响。