内隐社会认知:社会性决策的个人背景效应

通过两个实验研究了个人背景对其社会性决策的影响。实验一采用 2× 2混合设计 ,其中被试性别为组间因素 ,策略类型为组内因素 ;结果发现不同性别的被试在选择决策策略时表现出了差异 ,其中男性更倾向于选择“综合比较”的策略 ,但女性却没有表现出对策略的偏向。实验二则选择 14项个人背景资料作为自变量 ,以“才—情”决策倾向为因变量 ,进行多元逐步回归分析 ,结果发现被试的家庭所在地、性别差异以及对自己容貌的评价等变量显著地影响了决策倾向。     

从日常概念到科学概念——一种解释克里普克-普特南本质理论的可能途径

导言 克里普克在《命名与必然性》中提出内在结构是自然种类的本质属性,比如H2O是水的本质属性,原子序数79是金子的本质属性,老虎的生物学内在结构是老虎的本质属性等等.     

国外人口老化理论的心理学研究述评

进入20世纪以后,老龄化趋势在世界范围内加快了步伐。老年人口的快速增长给许多国家尤其是欧美发达国家带来了一系列的社会问题,同时也引发了大量关于老龄化趋势以及人口老化现象的科学研究。自然科学和社会科学的有关学科都对人类老化现象进行了较为深入的研究。心理学也提出了特定内涵的老化定义以及一些老化理论,并且形成了几种用以解释老化现象的发展模式。     

语音意识、快速命名与中文阅读

本研究考察了语音意识、快速命名与中文阅读的关系．一系列回归分析发现．语音意识对中文读字、中文默字和快速阅读理解的解释量大于快速命名。快速命名先进入方程时对一分钟读字有更大的解释量。控制发音速度对一分钟读字的影响后,快速命名和语音意识对一分钟读字的解释量减小。这些结果说明．与语音意识相比,快速命名对中文阅读有独立的、微弱的影响。文章讨论了语音意识和快速命名与中文阅读的关系,并根据实验结果分析了快速命名的认知结构。     

Trajectories of sleep problems among adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake: the role of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms

Objective: We examined the trajectories of sleep problems in adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake, and assessed predictors such as posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Methods: We surveyed adolescents at 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 years after the Wenchuan earthquake. In total, 391 adolescents completed self-report questionnaires. Results: We identified five latent sleep problem trajectories, specifically, U-shaped (3.8%), low-stable (68.0%), high-stable (10.8%), increasing (8.7%), and decreasing (8.7%) trajectories. Additionally, we found that posttraumatic stress disorder hyper-arousal symptoms were more frequent in individuals who had non-low-stable trajectories. Adolescents in the U-shaped group were less likely to have intrusive symptoms. Conclusion: After natural disasters, consequent sleep problems in adolescents do not remain stable over time, and sleep problem trajectories had considerable heterogeneity.     

Role stressors and counterproductive work behavior: The role of negative affect and proactive personality

Based on the stressor‐emotion model, we propose that negative affect mediates the relationship between three role stressors (i.e., role ambiguity, role conflict, and role overload) and counterproductive work behavior (CWB), while proactive personality moderates the relationships between negative affect, role stressors, and CWB. We tested our hypotheses using data from 332 employees in Mainland China. We found that negative affect mediated the relationships between the three dimensions of role stressors and CWB. Role ambiguity was most strongly associated with CWB, followed by role conflict and then role overload. Proactive personality moderated the role ambiguity‐negative affect, role conflict‐negative affect, and negative affect‐CWB relationships, but not the relationship between role overload and negative affect.     

线条朝向的空间构型对视觉工作记忆表征的影响

采用行为实验和事件相关电位技术(ERP),通过整体检测的变化觉察范式,探讨线条朝向的空间构型对视觉工作记忆表征的影响及机制。行为结果发现,水平排列线条朝向的视觉工作记忆成绩高于杂乱排列; 水平排列线条朝向有框时的视觉工作记忆成绩低于无框条件; ERP结果发现,无框条件下水平排列的线条朝向诱发的对侧延迟活动的波幅小于有框条件。以上结果说明,水平排列的空间构型能够促进线条朝向的视觉工作记忆表征,这一促进作用的潜在机制可能是水平排列的空间构型能够降低信息表征的负荷。     

State mindfulness,rumination, and emotions in daily life: An ambulatory assessment study

While the majority of studies have focused on dispositional mindfulness and the efficacy of mindfulness meditation, there has been limited study exploring the effect of state mindfulness on emotions and its potential mechanism. Therefore, we conducted an ambulatory assessment study to monitor state mindfulness and emotions in daily life and examine the mediating effect of rumination in a natural context. One hundred Chinese university students rated their state mindfulness, rumination, and emotions (e.g., anxiety, depression, happiness) five times per day for a week. Using hierarchical linear models, we and found that at the within‐person level, higher current state mindfulness was associated with more subsequent positive emotions and less subsequent negative emotions. Current rumination partially mediated the relation between current state mindfulness and subsequent positive emotions (happiness, relaxation, contentment, interest) and negative emotions (depression, anger, boredom, sadness). At the between‐person level, higher state mindfulness was associated with more positive emotions and less negative emotions. Individuals’ overall rumination partially mediated the relation between state mindfulness and emotions (depression, anger, boredom, sadness, relaxation). We concluded that higher state mindfulness was associated with lower rumination, which in turn resulted in more positive emotions and less negative emotions. More important, state mindfulness also exerted a dynamic impact on daily emotions via rumination.     

两岸四地大学生对创造力特征及创造力 人才的认知调查

该研究表明,北京、广州、香港和台北的大学生在对创造力和创造力人才的内隐认知甚为一致。其中北京和广州大学生的内隐认知更为接近,而香港和台湾大学生的内隐认知更为接近。在对高创造力特征的内隐认知上,四地大学生一致看重的条目有：有创造力、有创见、创新、有观察力、有思考力、愿做尝试、灵活性、有自信、有想象力、有好奇心、有个性和有独立性等。而在对低创造力表现的内隐认知上,四地大学生的一致认同的条目有：呆钝、保守、跟随传统和愿做让步。在对创造力人才的认知上,四地的大学皆首推政治名人,次推科技界名人。四地大学生最不看重的创造力人才是艺术界和音乐界名人。这说明,两岸三地的中国人虽然分离长久,但其对创造力的认知上仍相当一致,都甚看重政治与科技人物的影响。     

东夷齐文化与华夏文化的融合发展

东夷文化是华夏东部族群文化。华夏文化是由东西部地域邦族融汇而成,东夷是华夏文化的东部源地。从考古看,苏北、淮北一带的史前文化与山东史前文化相同,为同一文化系统。今天的东北,包括辽河、黑龙江流域,同山东文化密不可分,应归属远古东夷族群。族外配偶婚是东夷与华夏西部族系的联系特点。炎帝蚩尤氏,是今天江南苗、瑶各族的先祖,是苗人的族神。齐桓公改革完成华夏融合,华夏融合使华夏民族的同归性强烈,地域疆土的中国认同性强烈。推动富民养农政策让农业发展,是保障民族融合、国家统一的基础。华夏融合统一才能造就中国,才能使中国发展强大。