Reliability and validity of the kiddie mach scale in Chinese children

The present study examined the psychometric properties of a translated Chinese version of the Kiddie Mach Scale in a sample of Chinese students (N=787) ages 9 to 13 years (416 boys, 371 girls; M age= 11.3 yr., SD = 1.3). Results of confirmatory factor analysis showed a three-factor structure to be the most adequate model: Distrust, Lack of faith in human nature, and Dishonesty. These results are similar to the English version, but not the Greek version. The Chinese version exhibited weak internal consistency, but acceptable 4-week test-retest reliability. The Chinese version of the Kiddie Mach Scale was significantly associated with the Basic Empathy Scale. There was a sex effect on Kiddie Mach Scale scores with boys scoring higher on the Total scale and the Distrust subscale. Some items did not seem to function well in Chinese culture. More research will be needed to find items that represent, especially, distrust in Chinese settings.     

Interaction between endogenous and exogenous orienting in crossmodal attention

Using a cue-target paradigm, we investigated the interaction between endogenous and exogenous orienting in cross-modal attention. A peripheral (exogenous) cue was presented after a central (endogenous) cue with a variable time interval. The endogenous and exogenous cues were presented in one sensory modality (auditory in Experiment 1 and visual in Experiment 2) whereas the target was presented in another modality. Both experiments showed a significant endogenous cuing effect (longer reaction times in the invalid condition than in the valid condition). However, exogenous cuing produced a facilitatory effect in both experiments in response to the target when endogenous cuing was valid, but it elicited a facilitatory effect in Experiment 1 and an inhibitory effect in Experiment 2 when endogenous cuing was invalid. These findings indicate that endogenous and exogenous cuing can co-operate in orienting attention to the crossmodal target. Moreover, the interaction between endogenous and exogenous orienting of attention is modulated by the modality between the cue and the target.     

个人自立、反馈对长时距估计的影响

为了探索人格与反馈对时间估计的影响,本研究采用非时间任务和预期式时距估计的方法对个人自立高分组与低分组共40名被试进行了研究。结果发现：（1）虽然差异不显著,但是在两次时距估计中个人自立高分组的时距估计绝对错误量均小于低分组;（2）个人自立高分组的时距估计绝对错误量变化幅度显著小于低分组;（3）个人自立高分组在两次时距估计绝对错误量上的相关明显大于低分组;（4）有反馈组的时距估计绝对错误量显著小于无反馈组。据此可以认为：（1）由个人自立导致的时间估计的个体差异表现在时间估计的误差变异度和准确性两个方面。高个人自立者的时间估计误差的变异度更小,同时可能倾向于更准确地进行时距估计。（2）反馈有助于提高时间估计的准确性。（3）“绝对错误量变化幅度”和“时距估计绝对错误量的相关”是两个值得在今后的研究中应用的指标。     

大学生工作记忆容量对图形推理影响的眼动研究

采用眼动技术,选取瑞文图形推理测验作为实验材料,探讨工作记忆对于图形推理过程的影响。实验为2(工作记忆容量:高、低)×2(性别:男、女)×3(题目难度:高、中、低)的混合实验设计。以扫视时间、眼跳幅度、注视次数、扫视次数、瞳孔直径为因变量指标。实验结果表明:第一,不同性别大学生进行图形推理过程的眼动模式有一定差异,但这种差异并非由工作记忆差异所导致,而是图形推理策略不同所引起;第二,工作记忆容量高低影响图形推理过程,由于工作记忆影响注意资源分配,从而工作记忆容量高低不同会导致采用不同的策略进行图形推理,不仅影响工作记忆推理过程,也导致推理成绩的差异。这些结果能为学生选择适合自己的学习策略、因材施教以及考试测评提供依据。     

Undue game of baseline principles: the physician-patient relationship from a bioethical perspective

This article is inspired by an accident in a hospital where a pregnant woman died on the operating table because her husband was unwilling to sign the operation consent form. What's lurking behind this tragedy is the crisis of faith between doctors and patients in China. The crisis is a product of the Marketization of the health care system, which generates an unequal relationship between doctors and patients. Such a relationship makes patients unable to actively protect their rights. From a bioethical perspective, health is a basic right for everyone. In order to improve the physician-patient relationship, health rights must be considered as a priority in policy making. Although the Chinese government has been trying to implement universal health coverage, a progress indeed, problems and difficulties still exist in equalizing status between patients and doctors and in rebuilding a benign physician-patient relationship.     

联系可觉察度对错误记忆的影响

本研究采用DRM词表学习法和图片刺激对学习法两种研究范式考察了关键诱饵与学习项目间联系可觉察度对错误记忆的影响。结果显示,学习项目与关键诱饵的联系可觉察度对错误记忆起重要作用:在词表学习范式中,随着联系可觉察度的提高,被试觉察到的词表的关联性更高,错误记忆就更容易发生;在刺激对学习范式中,随着联系可觉察度的提高,学习项目和关键诱饵间的差异区分性提高,导致二者间的关联性降低,从而减少错误记忆。本研究为进一步揭示错误记忆的机制、更好地理解记忆及其机制提供了新的证据,并对如何提高记忆效率具有一定的实际应用价值。     

方言与普通话并用:双言心理研究述评

由于汉语方言的复杂性和多年来的推广普通话,使得方言和普通话并用的双言现象非常普遍.在语言关联性假设的指引下,心理学家探讨了双言者的语言表征,考察了双言对于双言者的记忆、时间认知和语言加工的影响,调查了双言者的语言态度,包括两种语言的语用情况和内隐态度.未来研究要继续关注双言者的语言表征及其提取机制,探查双言现象的认知神经机制,进一步深入探讨双言对双言者心理的影响.     

青少年压力:两个华人社区之比较研究

研制适合当代我国青少年的生活压力事件问卷,并对广州和澳门两地中学生的压力状况进行比较。研究一在参考前人问卷及预试的基础上编制初步问卷,用之对广州1652名初一到高三6个年级的中学生进行问卷调查,通过因素分析形成一份六维度的正式问卷,这六个维度分别是学业压力、社会人际压力、父母压力、自我发展压力、环境压力和学校-老师压力。研究二用问卷对广州和澳门两地初一到高三6个年级的中学生进行比较,结果发现,两地学生在这所有维度上均差异显著,只有环境维度广州学生感受到的压力高于澳门,其他五个维度均是澳门学生高于广州学生。     

HIV感染者遭受医务人员歧视的经历和体验的文献研究

通过Meta整合方法系统梳理关于艾滋病病毒（human immunodeficiency virus,HIV）感染者遭受医务人员歧视的经历和体验的质性研究,为提高HIV感染者就医体验提供参考依据。经过文献筛选和质量评价后共纳入19篇文献,通过Meta整合共得出27个研究结果,其中相近结果可归类为7个新类别,最终归纳出3个整合结果：（1）医务人员歧视产生的原因;（2）医务人员歧视的表现形式;（3）遭受医务人员歧视的危害。提示医务人员对HIV感染者具有多种歧视,并会严重影响患者的治疗行为和心理健康,未来有必要采取干预措施,减轻甚至消除医务人员对HIV感染者的歧视现象。

     

老年人健康风险因素与干预意愿研究——以高校退休教师调查为例

为了解高校离退休教师健康风险因素与干预意愿, 调查了1 342名高校退休教师的健康状况并收集其健康体检数据, 对比分析其健康风险因素危险度评分、慢性病发病率及其干预意愿。结果显示, 健康风险因素危险度评分为51.26±8.91分;慢性病发病率为68.24%, 年龄增加危险度评分和发病率数值增加, 不同年龄段数据对比差异有统计意义 (P<0.01) ;不同性别、职业、职称的差异无统计意义 (P>0.05) 。干预意愿依序是健康管理、健康教育和健康咨询。认为高校离退休教师健康风险因素及慢性病发病率随年龄显著增加, 健康管理应该是未来风险干预的方向。