工作记忆广度与自我损耗的关系

以往研究表明,工作记忆能力高的个体在自我控制方面也表现得更好,通过考察工作记忆广度（working memory span, WMS）与自我损耗的关系,有助于揭示这种现象的内在机制。66名被试随机分为损耗组和控制组,采用自动化操作广度测验测量WMS。双任务实验中,任务一为情绪抑制任务,任务二为Stroop任务。结果发现,损耗组的Stroop效应明显高于控制组。进一步分析显示,损耗组中高WMS被试的自我损耗效应要强于低WMS被试,此结果表明：高WMS个体在自我控制任务中表现得更好并不是因为固有的自我控制能量水平更高,而是因为他们倾向于在自我控制过程中投入更多能量。     

Using Selective Redundancy to Eliminate the Seductive Details Effect

The seductive details effect occurs when adding interesting, but extraneous, details to a lesson impairs learning of the lesson's key information. Although instructors could simply remove such interesting details, prior research suggests that interest can be a powerful motivating factor for learning. In the present research, we attempted to recruit the motivational benefits of seductive details without eliciting their detrimental effects by manipulating the redundancy between narrated and on‐screen verbal information within a multimedia lesson. We presented 69 college students with different instructional videos, one in which key facts were presented with on‐screen text slightly different from the narration, while seductive details were presented with on‐screen text that was identical to the narration. We eliminated the seductive details effect for these participants, indicating that partial redundancy can be used as a means by which interesting details can be included in a lesson without detracting from the learning of key facts.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Metacognition and proofreading: the roles of aging,motivation, and interest

The current study examined younger and older adults’ error detection accuracy, prediction calibration, and postdiction calibration on a proofreading task, to determine if age-related differences would be present in this type of common error detection task. Participants were given text passages, and were first asked to predict the percentage of errors they would detect in the passage. They then read the passage and circled errors (which varied in complexity and locality), and made postdictions regarding their performance, before repeating this with another passage and answering a comprehension test of both passages. There were no age-related differences in error detection accuracy, text comprehension, or metacognitive calibration, though participants in both age groups were overconfident overall in their metacognitive judgments. Both groups gave similar ratings of motivation to complete the task. The older adults rated the passages as more interesting than younger adults did, although this level of interest did not appear to influence error-detection performance. The age equivalence in both proofreading ability and calibration suggests that the ability to proofread text passages and the associated metacognitive monitoring used in judging one’s own performance are maintained in aging. These age-related similarities persisted when younger adults completed the proofreading tasks on a computer screen, rather than with paper and pencil. The findings provide novel insights regarding the influence that cognitive aging may have on metacognitive accuracy and text processing in an everyday task.     

信息加工效率与阅读的关系研究

对23名大学生进行知觉广度、记忆广度和阅读理解的多项测验,探求知觉、记忆加工效率与不同语言阅读成绩和阅读眼动特性之间的关系。结果发现：低水平的视觉符号方向信号知觉广度与阅读不存在明显的关系,从眼跳幅度指标上反映出右侧知觉广度大的被试对第二语言加工难度更为敏感。短时记忆和工作记忆能力对阅读的影响主要反映在眼跳幅度方面,与单个注视点获取的信息量有关,但与课文理解水平的关系不明显。短时记忆能力强的被试在眼跳幅度上以及第二语言言语工作记忆弱的被试在注视时间上均出现语言差异效应。     

中国IT业从业人员非技能胜任素质测评系统的研发报告

具备专业知识的专业人员,在不同岗位上工作,有人成功,有人未获成功？非技能胜任素质应当是不可忽视的因素。本项研究以心理学研究和人才测评相结合的方法,对IT业从业人员的非技能胜任素质做了深入的研究,构建了IT业四类关键岗位——管理类、销售类、技术支持类、研发类的非技能胜任素质模型,并探索各胜任素质特征与工作绩效的关系,为IT业内各类岗位人才选拔、评价和培养提供了科学的依据以及人职匹配的操作模型。     

两岸四地大学生对创造力特征及创造力 人才的认知调查

该研究表明,北京、广州、香港和台北的大学生在对创造力和创造力人才的内隐认知甚为一致。其中北京和广州大学生的内隐认知更为接近,而香港和台湾大学生的内隐认知更为接近。在对高创造力特征的内隐认知上,四地大学生一致看重的条目有：有创造力、有创见、创新、有观察力、有思考力、愿做尝试、灵活性、有自信、有想象力、有好奇心、有个性和有独立性等。而在对低创造力表现的内隐认知上,四地大学生的一致认同的条目有：呆钝、保守、跟随传统和愿做让步。在对创造力人才的认知上,四地的大学皆首推政治名人,次推科技界名人。四地大学生最不看重的创造力人才是艺术界和音乐界名人。这说明,两岸三地的中国人虽然分离长久,但其对创造力的认知上仍相当一致,都甚看重政治与科技人物的影响。     

测谎研究的新进展

本文从测谎的GKT范式出发,将目光投向认知神经科学、反应时以及虚拟现实背景下测谎的新近研究,介绍了这些研究的成果及其存在的不足,并就问题范式、认知神经取向和多指标结合等测谎研究面临的问题进行了讨论。     

企业新员工期望的结构和特点

鉴于以往多数研究仅考虑新员工情景期望的不足,本研究同时考虑情景期望和角色表现期望.建立<新员工期望问卷>,并考察了新员工期望的结构特点.研究结果表明:①新员工期望包含四个平行的组成部分:企业期望(包括企业发展和企业回报)、团队期望(包括团队人际关系和团队领导力)、工作期单(包括工作舒服、回报和责任)和自我角色表现期望(包括工作角色、职业角色、团队角色、企业角色和创新角色).②<新员工期望问卷>有良好的结构效度和信度.③不同内容的新员工期望在人口学变量上存在差异.本研究为进一步研究新员工期望与适应的关系奠定了基础.     

辩证看待浸润性乳腺癌腋窝的局部处理

用辩证的观点,论述浸润性乳腺癌腋窝处理的不同方法以及所产生的不同的结果;阐述了临床上对浸润性乳腺癌腋窝处理时经常出现的问题;并阐明坚持从实际出发,采取科学的态度,正确处理浸润性乳腺癌腋窝的观点;肯定了微创手术是一场手术革命,是传统外科学发展的必然结果,它的变革符合事物的发展规律。     

医药代表现象与药品价格政策的改革

探讨医药代表所引出的药品价格政策等问题,通过分析医药代表发生阶段性错位的原因,引出对药品价格改革的思考。我国的药品价格虚高是导致医疗市场失控的根本原因,医药代表的错位只是一种表现。根除这种错位必须首先解决药品价格虚高的问题。