小学五年级学生英语阅读知觉广度的眼动研究

使用Eyelink2000型眼动仪,采用经典的呈现随眼动变化技术,对24名被试在不同窗口条件下英文阅读的眼动指标进行记录和分析,以考察小学五年级学生英语阅读的知觉广度。研究结果表明:小学五年级学生英语阅读的知觉广度的右侧范围是注视点右侧5-8个字符空间。     

A cross-cultural study of the representation of shape: Sensitivity to generalized cone dimensions

Many of the phenomena underlying shape recognition can be derived from an assumption that the representation of simple parts can be understood in terms of independent dimensions of generalized cones, e.g., whether the axis of a cylinder is straight or curved or whether the sides are parallel or nonparallel. What enables this sensitivity? One explanation is that the representations derive from our immersion in a manufactured world of simple objects, e.g., a cylinder and a funnel, where these dimensions can be readily discerned independent of other stimulus variations. An alternative explanation is that genetic coding and/or early experience with extended contours—a characteristic of all naturally varying visual worlds—would be sufficient to develop the appropriate representations. The Himba, a seminomadic people in a remote region of Northwestern Namibia with little exposure to regular, simple artifacts, were virtually identical to western observers in representing generalized-cone dimensions of simple shapes independently. Thus immersion in a world of simple, manufactured shapes is not required for the development of a representation that specifies these dimensions independently.     

先齐时期齐地艺术及特色

先齐时期齐地艺术是中国古代艺术的重要组成部分,在中国艺术史上占有重要的地位。无论是齐地大汶口文化时期丰富多彩的彩绘陶、龙山文化时期工艺精湛的蛋壳黑陶,还是独具风格的大汶口文化的白陶,都充分反映了先齐时期齐地的艺术成就,并呈现出鲜明的地域特色。特别是齐地龙山文化时期的筑城技术、平面形状与结构类型等方面,作为中国古代城市产生的重要开端,无疑为后来城邑或城市的发展并走向成熟奠定了坚实的基础,在中国古代城市发展史上具有重要的划时代意义。先齐时期齐地艺术作为中华艺术文明的重要起源地之一,对后世中国艺术理论与实践影响深远。     

中国传统文化取向管理人员的成败归因风格研究

选用台湾杨国枢先生编制的《传统性量表》和自编《管理成败归因风格问卷》,随机选取542名企业管理人员,调查研究中国传统文化取向管理人员的成败归因风格特征。研究发现：1）“孝亲敬祖”和“宿命自保”文化取向的人,成功外归因的倾向显著地高于成功内归因倾向。2）“男性优越”、“权威守成”、“宿命自保”文化取向的人,失败不可控外归因倾向显著地高于失败内归因倾向。     

Differential activation patterns of occipital and prefrontal cortices during motion processing: Evidence from normal and schizophrenic brains

Visual motion perception is normally mediated by neural processing in the posterior cortex. Focal damage to the middle temporal area (MT), a posterior extrastriate region, induces motion perception impairment. It is unclear, however, how more broadly distributed cortical dysfunction affects this visual behavior and its neural substrates. Schizophrenia manifests itself in a variety of behavioral and perceptual abnormalities that have proved difficult to understand through a dysfunction of any single brain system. One of these perceptual abnormalities involves impaired motion perception. Motion processing provides an opportunity to clarify the roles of multiple cortical networks in both healthy and schizophrenic brains. Using fMRI, we measured cortical activation while participants performed two visual motion tasks (direction discrimination and speed discrimination) and one nonmotion task (contrast discrimination). Normal controls showed robust cortical activation (BOLD signal changes) in MT during the direction and speed discrimination tasks, documenting primary processing of sensory input in this posterior region. In patients with schizophrenia, cortical activation was significantly reduced in MT and significantly increased in the inferior convexity of the prefrontal cortex, an area that is normally involved in higher level cognitive processing. This shift in cortical responses from posterior to prefrontal regions suggests that motion perception in schizophrenia is associated with both deficient sensory processing and compensatory cognitive processing. Furthermore, this result provides evidence that in the context of broadly distributed cortical dysfunction, the usual functional specificity of the cortex becomes modified, even across the domains of sensory and cognitive processing.     

教师社会化内容的结构

教师社会化是指个体成为教师共同体中参与性成员的过程.探索教师社会化内容是了解教师社会化过程和评估教师社会化程度的基础.本研究随机选取天津市和张掖市的650名教师参与调查,在访谈和文献分析的基础上编制了教师社会化问卷,最终得出了教师社会化内容的四维度结构,即"角色知识"、"工作胜任"、"学校知识"、"学校政治",为今后深化教师社会化研究奠定了基础.     

自我觉知的适应、不适应性及其在心理疗法中的作用

自我觉知是当注意力指向个体自身时对自己所产生的内部主观状态,根据其指向及程度可以有多种分类方法。自我觉知在心理过程中既有适应性,如促进自我了解、对他人的理解、提高自尊等;但过度的自我觉知会对心理产生不良影响,诸多研究对其与抑郁和焦虑的关系进行了论证。很多心理疗法中都涉及到自我觉知对心理状况的影响,包括格式塔疗法、来访者中心疗法、森田疗法等等。如何保持适度的自我觉知以促进心理健康是需要进一步研究的。     

理雅各宗教思想中的中西融合倾向

伦敦会传教士、汉学家理雅各(1815-1897)受其家乡苏格兰的神学思想和非国教家庭背景的影响而产生了独立、开放的宗教意识。尽管他以自身的信仰为本位,但在对中国文化的诠释和评价上表现出了明显的中西宗教融合的倾向,这使他在西方传教士中处于颇为孤立的境地。     

骨科新进展与教学补充内容的选择

骨科新技术新理论发展迅速,而教科书的内容相对滞后,在教学中为兼顾新知识和教科书内容,采取适当补充短小精练内容的方法,对四肢骨折、脊柱、肿瘤等内容进行补充讲解,并在某些地方加入一些现代医学伦理方面的知识,使学生能更全面地了解骨科,而不增加学生的负担.     

Feeling bad and doing good: The effect of customer mistreatment on service employee's daily display of helping behaviors

Mistreatment by customers is a common occurrence for many frontline service employees. Although some evidence suggests that employees engage in dysfunctional workplace behaviors as a result of mistreatment, others studies have suggested that employees may cope with such negative experiences by helping others. Drawing on negative state relief theory, we conducted 2 studies to test these relationships and examine whether service employees cope with negative emotions arising from such daily customer mistreatment by engaging in helping others. In Study 1, daily surveys from 70 restaurant employees showed that daily customer mistreatment predicted the experience of negative moods the next morning, which, in turn, led to higher levels of coworker helping the next day. In Study 2, daily surveys from 54 retail employees showed that daily customer mistreatment led to higher customer helping the next day, but only when customer orientation was high. Our results further show that helping behavior was associated with elevated positive affective experiences and that the proposed relationships differ depending on whether customer mistreatment is measured at a daily or a cumulative perspective. Specifically, cumulative customer mistreatment over time decreased general helping. These findings are discussed in relation to employees' coping strategies towards acute and cumulative mistreatment.