面孔可信度评价调节：经验迁移假说的提出与验证

面孔可信度评价对人际信任和合作行为有重要影响。以往研究发现面部特征、背景环境等附加信息能通过自下而上、自上而下两种方式调节人们对他人面孔可信度的评价, 但具体的起效和失效机制尚不清晰。针对这一问题, 本文提出了“经验迁移假说”, 并对两类调节方式的认知机制、经验迁移的边界条件和调节过程进行探究。本研究为深化理解人际信任的调控机制提供理论和实证依据。     

Why does guessing incorrectly enhance,rather than impair,retention?

The finding that trying, and failing, to predict the upcoming to-be-remembered response to a given cue can enhance later recall of that response, relative to studying the intact cue–response pair, is surprising, especially given that the standard paradigm (e.g., Kornell, Hays, & Bjork, 2009) involves allocating what would otherwise be study time to generating an error. In three experiments, we sought to eliminate two potential heuristics that participants might use to aid recall of correct responses on the final test and to explore the effects of interference both at an immediate and at a delayed test. In Experiment 1, by intermixing strongly associated to-be-remembered pairs with weakly associated pairs, we eliminated a potential heuristic participants can use on the final test in the standard version of the paradigm—namely, that really strong associates are incorrect responses. In Experiment 2, by rigging half of the participants’ responses to be correct, we eliminated another potential heuristic—namely, that one’s initial guesses are virtually always wrong. In Experiment 3, we examined whether participants’ ability to remember—and discriminate between—their incorrect guesses and correct responses would be lost after a 48-h delay, when source memory should be reduced. Across all experiments, we continued to find a robust benefit of trying to guess to-be-learned responses, even when incorrect, versus studying intact cue–response pairs. The benefits of making incorrect guesses are not an artifact of the paradigm, nor are they limited to short retention intervals.     

Up or Down? How Culture and Color Affect Judgments

In the Mainland China stock market, an upmarket is represented by the color red, whereas a downmarket is represented by the color green. Elsewhere, including the Chinese Hong Kong stock market, the color representations are the opposite. Three studies were conducted to examine the red‐up–green‐down effect for Mainland Chinese as well as the green‐up–red‐down effect for Hong Kong people. Study 1 showed that Mainland Chinese tended to predict greater economic growth (study 1a) and higher growth in consumption trends (study 1b) when the experimental materials were presented in red than in green, whereas Hong Kong participants exhibited the opposite tendencies. Study 2 found that Mainland Chinese implicitly associated red and green with up and down, respectively; Hong Kong people, however, implicitly associated green and red with up and down, respectively. Study 3 further indicated that Mainland Chinese were more likely to predict good outcomes when scenarios were presented in red, whereas Hong Kong participants were more likely to predict good outcomes when scenarios were presented in green. These findings suggest that culturally specific environment cues could influence human prediction and judgment. Implications for judgment generally are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

意象对话技术治疗老年抑郁症的疗效观察

采用临床对照方法探讨意象对话技术对老年抑郁症的疗效,170例老年抑郁症患者随机分为2组,在应用5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂（SSRIs）类抗抑郁药物治疗的基础上采用不同心理治疗方法：意象组采用意象对话技术;CBT 组采用支持性心理治疗和认知行为技术。所有患者随访一年,用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）进行评定。结果表明意象对话技术对老年抑郁症的疗效与CB T疗效相当,且见效快,复发率低。利用其躯体出现的症状、感觉进行意象引导处理,可快速消除或减轻其身心痛苦,证实了意象对话技术可以在老年抑郁症中应用。     

Humour styles,gelotophobia and self‐esteem among Chinese and Indian university students

This study examined the relationship between humour styles, gelotophobia and self‐esteem among 102 Indian and 101 Hong Kong university students. The Humour Styles Questionnaire, the GELOPH‐15 Scale and the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale were used. Indian students rated the importance of humour significantly higher than Hong Kong Chinese students and considered themselves as being significantly more humorous as well. Both Indian and Hong Kong Chinese students engaged in significantly more affiliative and self‐enhancing humour. Indian students engaged in significantly more affiliative and self‐enhancing humour and reported less gelotophobia than Hong Kong students. Gelotophobia was negatively correlated with self‐esteem and affiliative humour in both samples and was positively correlated with self‐defeating humour in the Indian sample only. Affiliate humour mediated the relationship between self‐esteem and gelotophobia in both samples whereas self‐defeating humour mediated the relationship in the Indian sample only. Taken together, both Indian students and Hong Kong students valued adaptive humour, but Indian students valued humour more than Hong Kong students. This study is a pioneering study of its kind conducted in a Chinese‐Indian sample.     

临终心理的理论和研究综述

死亡是人生生老病死必经的最后历程,对临终病人心理的研究,临终护理的探索有重大意义,本文从临终病人的心理及其发展状况,以及临终心理的调适等角度出发,对国内外的临终心理研究进行回顾,并对其中的理论和研究结果做出总结性分析,并对今后研究需要注意的方向加以讨论。     

临床医学本来就是整体

医学科学的发展遵循综合-分化-再综合的客观规律,多学科整合医学模式的诞生还原了临床医学整体性的特征.中西医结合体现了不同文化包容发展的精神,是传统与现代相结合的整体整合医学的典范.基于“病证结合”研究模式的血瘀证与活血化瘀系列创新性研究成果得到国际医学的广泛认同,未来中、西医学应该更加和谐统一,共同造福人类.     

从潘菽到车文博:中国理论心理学研究的两代领路人

中国的理论心理学研究是在较为困难的条件下展开的。早先,潘菽教授力主进行心理学基本理论研究,不仅在一系列基本理论问题上提出了自己独特的见解,而且注意培养和扩大研究队伍。在潘老的带领下,车文博教授对心理学基本理论的研究做出了重要贡献,对许多重要的心理学理论问题都有精到的研究成果问世,尤其是关于无意识和精神分析理论的研究,取得了标志性的成果。车文博教授是继潘老之后的中国理论心理学研究的旗帜性人物。两代领路人为今后中国理论心理学研究开辟了发展道路,这是我们后学者的幸运,也是对大家的激励。     

计算难度和知识背景对消费者百分数基数忽略的影响

在选择促销品时,消费者经常会出现百分数基数忽略错误,即价值判断时只基于百分数大小而忽略基数。本研究以150名大学生为被试,考察计算难度和知识背景对百分数基数忽略的影响。结果表明:仅了解百分数基数忽略现象的消费者无论计算难度高低均会出现百分数基数忽略错误;而了解促销计算原理的消费者在高难度下会出现这种错误,在低难度下则不会,且了解促销原理有助于减轻消费者在高难度下出现该错误的倾向。     

网络新闻报道人物的社会分类:维度及对信任的影响

面对海量网络新闻,直觉或自动化加工过程在信息可信度判断中起重要作用,而与报道人物相关的社会类别信息是重要认知线索。本研究基于社会分类理论,探究网络新闻报道人物的社会分类维度及其与信任知觉的关系。以34名大学生为被试,采取层级分类任务对预备实验中得到的128个人物群体词语进行分类,并用多维标度法进行分析。结果表明,网络新闻人物的社会分类涉及社会地位高/低,社会距离远/近,传统/非传统三个维度,且后两个维度对信任知觉存在显著影响。研究结果揭示了人们对网络新闻报道人物的认知方式,拓展了信任的研究思路和方法。