我国古代文人养生法

在我国古代的文人中,无论是文学家、思想理论家,还是医学家,活至六、七十岁,甚至八、九十岁高寿者,不乏其人。他们在自己的生活实践中,摸索出许多养生方法,这对我们后人,尤其是现代知识分子,不失为一种良好的借鉴。一、静坐法:北宋才华横溢的文学家苏轼推崇静坐养生法。他曾在广东儋县建一“息轩”,并题诗:“无事此静坐,一日是两日,若活七十年,便是百四十。”静坐法要求坐姿端正,两目微闭,全身放松,自然呼吸,宁神静志,意守丹田。每次静坐时间可在十五分钟至半小时,是持续用脑过程中一种良好的休息方法。二、睡眠法南宋大诗人陆游享年八十五…     

内隐刻板印象研究方法进展

刻板印象的研究一直都是社会认知的重要组成部分,本文简要概述了刻板印象研究方法的进展,着重介绍了加工分离程序,基于反应时的范式,以及刻板印象解释偏差(SEB),并对今后认知神经科学研究进行了简述。     

课业负担对学校生活满意度的影响:学校氛围的多水平调节作用

课业负担对学校生活满意度有重要影响,但是学校氛围对课业负担的多水平调节作用少有研究涉及。在发展系统理论的基本框架下,本研究构建了一个多水平的调节模型,同时考察学校氛围中不同水平的变量对学生学校生活满意度的影响及其作用机制。以20155名五、八年级学生为研究对象,本研究采用学生知觉的师生关系及校长知觉的学生士气、教师士气、学生消极行为、教师负面状态来考察学生和校长对学校氛围的评价。多水平模型分析发现:(1)在控制了年级、性别、城乡后,课业负担对学校生活满意度仍有显著的消极影响;(2)课业负担对学校生活满意度的负向影响,随学生知觉的师生关系和校长知觉的学生士气的变好而减弱。研究结果有利于从发展系统理论及相互作用的视角理解学校氛围的作用,"减负"不仅要确实减少学生的课业负担,也要重视学校中其他环境变量的综合影响。     

特质愤怒与反应性攻击的综合认知模型述评

综合认知模型(Integrative Cognitive Model, ICM)整合多个相关理论, 探讨在敌意情境下不同特质愤怒水平的个体反应性攻击行为出现差异的内部认知机制, 构建了敌意解释、反思注意和努力控制三个核心认知加工过程之间的关系模型。该模型具有结构清晰、易于操控等特点, 对该领域的实证研究与理论探索具有启发意义, 并有巨大的应用价值。该理论仍缺乏囊括更多因素的综合实证研究支持, 以及有关的神经生理研究和心理干预探索, 这将是未来研究的重要方向。     

环境基因组计划(EGP)对预防医学发展的影响

1998年美国正式启动环境基因组计划,该计划旨在探讨环境－基因的交互作用,寻找对环境因素损伤的易感基因及环境反应基因的多态性在疾病病因和发病过程中的作用,因而该计划的实施将对预防医学的发展产生重要的影响。     

SARS流行时期天津高校师生的心理和行为反应

本研究从天津市五所高校中选取336名大学生和44名教师,对他们在SARS流行时期对SARS的危险性认知、恐惧心理、行为特征以及他们对与SARS相关的事件的态度进行评估。结果发现:(1)大多数师生具有正常的行为方式和心理状态;(2)少数高校师生表现出一定的恐惧和忧虑。最后,根据本次研究结果作者提出了一些针对性建议。     

Cognitive neuroscience in China

In the last decade, cognitive neuroscience in China has advanced in at least four aspects: first, specialized research institutes and bodies have been set up throughout the nation; second, more and more high‐tech research facilities and approaches have been adopted by domestic researchers; third, international conferences on cognitive neuroscience have been held in Mainland China; and finally, publications relating cognitive processes to neural activation and functioning have increased. This paper selectively reviews research on perception and face recognition, attention, language, memory, and disorders in cognitive brain functions carried out by scientists in Mainland China. For visual perception, some excellent work has been carried out to investigate the neural mechanisms of perceptual priming, perceptual grouping, and perception of global/local properties in compound stimuli. For attention, much work is on issues such as the time course of brain activation in selective attention, the patterns of event‐related potentials in visual and auditory selective attention, and the effect of pre‐cueing on spatial attention. Because the Chinese language has many unique characteristics in phonological and syntactic systems and in the writing system, much research carried out in China takes advantage of these characteristics, trying to separate the universal and language‐specific aspects of language processing and their neural correlates. Memory research is mainly at neuropsychological and neurobiological levels. Disorders of cognitive functioning and their underlying impairments in the brain are attracting more and more attention. The paper concludes that as the Chinese economy is growing fast, more resources will be poured into basic research. Thus, systematic research in various fields of cognitive neuroscience by Chinese scientists is no longer a dream. It is reasonable to expect that research in this field will be accelerated in China and become an important force in the world in the near future.     

患者的依从性在环形医患关系模型中的作用

2006年,美国的Williams等人提出环形医患关系模型.从患者的角度出发,研究临床依从性在环形医患关系中的作用.加强医惠交流、改善医患接触质量可以提高患者的依从性;反过来,患者对治疗的依从会促进环形关系良性运转.医生的心理健康水平和患者的依从性是医患关系互动中对两个不同主体的各自要求.     

Socio-Demographic Correlates of Fear of Crime and the Social Context of Contemporary Urban China

Previous research in the West has established major socio-demographic correlates of fear of crime. The interpretation of these correlates is typically based on the concept of physical or social vulnerability of individuals. These correlates are implicitly regarded as invariant to social or community contexts, reflecting universal human behavioral patterns. The present study argues that social change may alter patterns of perceptions associated with fear among socio-demographic groups, thus affecting socio-demographic correlates of fear of crime. We explore how social changes in China have created a generational gap that influences the effects of age and education on fear of crime. The study finds that, in contrast with the well-established patterns in Western communities, the young and educated exhibit a higher level of fear of crime in urban China than their counterparts. The study also finds that consistent with Western literature, females are fearful and that personal victimization experience increases the level of fear. We discuss the social and community processes that produce these interesting patterns.