道德视野下的内疚

几十年来, 内疚备受国内外研究者的关注, 其研究多从儿童发展、心理健康等方面展开。而近些年, 研究者关注的焦点开始转向内疚的道德层面, 即关注人际交往或社会事件中情绪的道德价值。内疚作为一种道德情绪, 是伴随道德意识的发展而发展的, 在维持和修复社会关系以及情绪情感发展中起着重要作用。因此, 文章从道德视角对内疚的界定、产生机制、行为反应以及亲社会作用等方面进行了梳理和探讨, 以期为国内的同类研究提供一些新的线索。     

不熟练中–日双语者同形词和非同形词的隐蔽翻译启动效应

采用不熟练中–日双语者, 以中文与日文的同形词和非同形词为材料, 考察了翻译方向、词汇拼写形式和加工任务对隐蔽翻译启动效应的影响。结果表明：(1)不熟练中–日双语者的中文词和日文词之间存在着显著的隐蔽翻译启动效应。(2)字词拼写形式对不熟练中–日双语者两种语言的隐蔽翻译启动效应具有重要的影响：当中文词和日文词同形时, 中文词启动日文词和日文词启动中文词出现了对称的启动效应; 当中文词和日文词不同形时, 中文词启动日文词和日文词启动中文词出现了不对称的启动效应。这种不对称性与加工任务有关：在词汇决定任务中, 中文词对日文词的启动效应显著大于日文词对中文词的启动效应; 在语义决定任务中, 两个方向的启动效应没有显著的差异。(3)对中–日同形词, 任务类型对隐蔽翻译启动效应的影响不显著; 对中–日非同形词, 任务类型对隐蔽翻译启动效应具有重要的影响。根据研究的结果, 作者提出了不熟练中–日双语者语言表征的混合模型。     

促进工作动机的有效路径:自我决定理论的观点

自我决定理论是关于人类行为的动机理论。本文通过分析阐述了自我决定理论的哲学基础,从有机辩证的视角梳理了自我决定理论的基本思想,并对组织背景中以自我决定理论为指导框架的工作动机研究进行了综述,结论认为满足胜任、关系和自主三种心理需要的组织环境因素是增加内部动机并促进外部动机的内化,进而促进员工的工作绩效与心理健康的有效路径。     

Metacognition and proofreading: the roles of aging,motivation, and interest

The current study examined younger and older adults’ error detection accuracy, prediction calibration, and postdiction calibration on a proofreading task, to determine if age-related differences would be present in this type of common error detection task. Participants were given text passages, and were first asked to predict the percentage of errors they would detect in the passage. They then read the passage and circled errors (which varied in complexity and locality), and made postdictions regarding their performance, before repeating this with another passage and answering a comprehension test of both passages. There were no age-related differences in error detection accuracy, text comprehension, or metacognitive calibration, though participants in both age groups were overconfident overall in their metacognitive judgments. Both groups gave similar ratings of motivation to complete the task. The older adults rated the passages as more interesting than younger adults did, although this level of interest did not appear to influence error-detection performance. The age equivalence in both proofreading ability and calibration suggests that the ability to proofread text passages and the associated metacognitive monitoring used in judging one’s own performance are maintained in aging. These age-related similarities persisted when younger adults completed the proofreading tasks on a computer screen, rather than with paper and pencil. The findings provide novel insights regarding the influence that cognitive aging may have on metacognitive accuracy and text processing in an everyday task.     

Binocularity and visual search—Revisited

Binocular rivalry is a phenomenon of visual competition in which perception alternates between two monocular images. When two eye’s images only differ in luminance, observers may perceive shininess, a form of rivalry called binocular luster. Does dichoptic information guide attention in visual search? Wolfe and Franzel (Perception & Psychophysics, 44(1), 81–93, 1988) reported that rivalry could guide attention only weakly, but that luster (shininess) “popped out,” producing very shallow Reaction Time (RT) × Set Size functions. In this study, we have revisited the topic with new and improved stimuli. By using a checkerboard pattern in rivalry experiments, we found that search for rivalry can be more efficient (16 ms/item) than standard, rivalrous grating (30 ms/item). The checkerboard may reduce distracting orientation signals that masked the salience of rivalry between simple orthogonal gratings. Lustrous stimuli did not pop out when potential contrast and luminance artifacts were reduced. However, search efficiency was substantially improved when luster was added to the search target. Both rivalry and luster tasks can produce search asymmetries, as is characteristic of guiding features in search. These results suggest that interocular differences that produce rivalry or luster can guide attention, but these effects are relatively weak and can be hidden by other features like luminance and orientation in visual search tasks.     

辩证看待浸润性乳腺癌腋窝的局部处理

用辩证的观点,论述浸润性乳腺癌腋窝处理的不同方法以及所产生的不同的结果;阐述了临床上对浸润性乳腺癌腋窝处理时经常出现的问题;并阐明坚持从实际出发,采取科学的态度,正确处理浸润性乳腺癌腋窝的观点;肯定了微创手术是一场手术革命,是传统外科学发展的必然结果,它的变革符合事物的发展规律。     

医药代表现象与药品价格政策的改革

探讨医药代表所引出的药品价格政策等问题,通过分析医药代表发生阶段性错位的原因,引出对药品价格改革的思考。我国的药品价格虚高是导致医疗市场失控的根本原因,医药代表的错位只是一种表现。根除这种错位必须首先解决药品价格虚高的问题。     

近20年来美国法律社会心理学研究新进展

20世纪80年代以来美国法律社会心理学在陪审团、证人证言、公民对犯罪的态度等方面的研究取得了一些新成果。从这些新成果可以看出,该领域的研究者们更注重将社会心理学与法学的观点和研究视角相结合,使自己的理论成果更符合实践要求。     

辩证看待浸润性乳腺癌腋窝的局部处理

用辩证的观点,论述浸润性乳腺癌腋窝处理的不同方法以及所产生的不同的结果;阐述了临床上对浸润性乳腺癌腋窝处理时经常出现的问题;并阐明坚持从实际出发,采取科学的态度,正确处理浸润性乳腺癌腋窝的观点;肯定了微创手术是一场手术革命,是传统外科学发展的必然结果,它的变革符合事物的发展规律.     

西方有关择偶启事的研究和论争

文章梳理了自20世纪70年代至本世纪初,西方以择偶启事为研究蓝本的择偶标准与择偶策略研究,展示了西方研究者运用进化心理学理论、社会学习理论与社会交换理论,对一般异性恋择偶,择偶启事回复率、初婚和再婚人士择偶,同性恋、异性恋、双性恋择偶间比较,以及网络启事择偶几方面的研究历程;预测了未来择偶启事研究的趋势应是几种理论间观点的相互借鉴与整合