临终心理的理论和研究综述

死亡是人生生老病死必经的最后历程,对临终病人心理的研究,临终护理的探索有重大意义,本文从临终病人的心理及其发展状况,以及临终心理的调适等角度出发,对国内外的临终心理研究进行回顾,并对其中的理论和研究结果做出总结性分析,并对今后研究需要注意的方向加以讨论。     

临床医学本来就是整体

医学科学的发展遵循综合-分化-再综合的客观规律,多学科整合医学模式的诞生还原了临床医学整体性的特征.中西医结合体现了不同文化包容发展的精神,是传统与现代相结合的整体整合医学的典范.基于“病证结合”研究模式的血瘀证与活血化瘀系列创新性研究成果得到国际医学的广泛认同,未来中、西医学应该更加和谐统一,共同造福人类.     

从潘菽到车文博:中国理论心理学研究的两代领路人

中国的理论心理学研究是在较为困难的条件下展开的。早先,潘菽教授力主进行心理学基本理论研究,不仅在一系列基本理论问题上提出了自己独特的见解,而且注意培养和扩大研究队伍。在潘老的带领下,车文博教授对心理学基本理论的研究做出了重要贡献,对许多重要的心理学理论问题都有精到的研究成果问世,尤其是关于无意识和精神分析理论的研究,取得了标志性的成果。车文博教授是继潘老之后的中国理论心理学研究的旗帜性人物。两代领路人为今后中国理论心理学研究开辟了发展道路,这是我们后学者的幸运,也是对大家的激励。     

计算难度和知识背景对消费者百分数基数忽略的影响

在选择促销品时,消费者经常会出现百分数基数忽略错误,即价值判断时只基于百分数大小而忽略基数。本研究以150名大学生为被试,考察计算难度和知识背景对百分数基数忽略的影响。结果表明:仅了解百分数基数忽略现象的消费者无论计算难度高低均会出现百分数基数忽略错误;而了解促销计算原理的消费者在高难度下会出现这种错误,在低难度下则不会,且了解促销原理有助于减轻消费者在高难度下出现该错误的倾向。     

网络新闻报道人物的社会分类:维度及对信任的影响

面对海量网络新闻,直觉或自动化加工过程在信息可信度判断中起重要作用,而与报道人物相关的社会类别信息是重要认知线索。本研究基于社会分类理论,探究网络新闻报道人物的社会分类维度及其与信任知觉的关系。以34名大学生为被试,采取层级分类任务对预备实验中得到的128个人物群体词语进行分类,并用多维标度法进行分析。结果表明,网络新闻人物的社会分类涉及社会地位高/低,社会距离远/近,传统/非传统三个维度,且后两个维度对信任知觉存在显著影响。研究结果揭示了人们对网络新闻报道人物的认知方式,拓展了信任的研究思路和方法。     

小学五年级学生英语阅读知觉广度的眼动研究

使用Eyelink2000型眼动仪,采用经典的呈现随眼动变化技术,对24名被试在不同窗口条件下英文阅读的眼动指标进行记录和分析,以考察小学五年级学生英语阅读的知觉广度。研究结果表明:小学五年级学生英语阅读的知觉广度的右侧范围是注视点右侧5-8个字符空间。     

A cross-cultural study of the representation of shape: Sensitivity to generalized cone dimensions

Many of the phenomena underlying shape recognition can be derived from an assumption that the representation of simple parts can be understood in terms of independent dimensions of generalized cones, e.g., whether the axis of a cylinder is straight or curved or whether the sides are parallel or nonparallel. What enables this sensitivity? One explanation is that the representations derive from our immersion in a manufactured world of simple objects, e.g., a cylinder and a funnel, where these dimensions can be readily discerned independent of other stimulus variations. An alternative explanation is that genetic coding and/or early experience with extended contours—a characteristic of all naturally varying visual worlds—would be sufficient to develop the appropriate representations. The Himba, a seminomadic people in a remote region of Northwestern Namibia with little exposure to regular, simple artifacts, were virtually identical to western observers in representing generalized-cone dimensions of simple shapes independently. Thus immersion in a world of simple, manufactured shapes is not required for the development of a representation that specifies these dimensions independently.     

先齐时期齐地艺术及特色

先齐时期齐地艺术是中国古代艺术的重要组成部分,在中国艺术史上占有重要的地位。无论是齐地大汶口文化时期丰富多彩的彩绘陶、龙山文化时期工艺精湛的蛋壳黑陶,还是独具风格的大汶口文化的白陶,都充分反映了先齐时期齐地的艺术成就,并呈现出鲜明的地域特色。特别是齐地龙山文化时期的筑城技术、平面形状与结构类型等方面,作为中国古代城市产生的重要开端,无疑为后来城邑或城市的发展并走向成熟奠定了坚实的基础,在中国古代城市发展史上具有重要的划时代意义。先齐时期齐地艺术作为中华艺术文明的重要起源地之一,对后世中国艺术理论与实践影响深远。     

中国传统文化取向管理人员的成败归因风格研究

选用台湾杨国枢先生编制的《传统性量表》和自编《管理成败归因风格问卷》,随机选取542名企业管理人员,调查研究中国传统文化取向管理人员的成败归因风格特征。研究发现：1）“孝亲敬祖”和“宿命自保”文化取向的人,成功外归因的倾向显著地高于成功内归因倾向。2）“男性优越”、“权威守成”、“宿命自保”文化取向的人,失败不可控外归因倾向显著地高于失败内归因倾向。     

Differential activation patterns of occipital and prefrontal cortices during motion processing: Evidence from normal and schizophrenic brains

Visual motion perception is normally mediated by neural processing in the posterior cortex. Focal damage to the middle temporal area (MT), a posterior extrastriate region, induces motion perception impairment. It is unclear, however, how more broadly distributed cortical dysfunction affects this visual behavior and its neural substrates. Schizophrenia manifests itself in a variety of behavioral and perceptual abnormalities that have proved difficult to understand through a dysfunction of any single brain system. One of these perceptual abnormalities involves impaired motion perception. Motion processing provides an opportunity to clarify the roles of multiple cortical networks in both healthy and schizophrenic brains. Using fMRI, we measured cortical activation while participants performed two visual motion tasks (direction discrimination and speed discrimination) and one nonmotion task (contrast discrimination). Normal controls showed robust cortical activation (BOLD signal changes) in MT during the direction and speed discrimination tasks, documenting primary processing of sensory input in this posterior region. In patients with schizophrenia, cortical activation was significantly reduced in MT and significantly increased in the inferior convexity of the prefrontal cortex, an area that is normally involved in higher level cognitive processing. This shift in cortical responses from posterior to prefrontal regions suggests that motion perception in schizophrenia is associated with both deficient sensory processing and compensatory cognitive processing. Furthermore, this result provides evidence that in the context of broadly distributed cortical dysfunction, the usual functional specificity of the cortex becomes modified, even across the domains of sensory and cognitive processing.