任务指导语及实验范式对朝向和反向眼跳的影响

采用2（眼跳方向）×3（实验范式）×4（任务指导语）的完全被试内实验设计研究任务指导语和实验范式对朝向和反向眼跳的影响效应。结果：（1）朝向眼跳潜伏期显著快于反向眼跳,且不受实验范式的影响;（2）在朝向眼跳任务中,空白范式下的延迟型指导语导致眼跳潜伏期延长;（3）在反向眼跳任务中,空白和重叠范式下延迟型指导语潜伏期最长;零范式下速度型指导语的潜伏期较短;（4）空白范式下的反向眼跳错误率显著低于重叠范式和零范式,反向眼跳潜伏期显著短于后两种范式。实验结果支持眼跳竞争模型。     

西方心理表象技术研究的昨天、今天与明天

心理表象技术是指以呈现和操控心理表象为方式,达成心身健康目的的心理技术。研究梳理西方心理表象技术研究的历史,整理出十种比较体系化、有应用价值的心理表象技术;概要介绍了该技术在医疗护理、临床心理、教育、体育、社会工作方面所取得的成效,及其有效的技术操作机制。最后,在新近的相关实验结论基础上,笔者提出"心理表象环境论"作为其有效机制的理论解释框架。     

认知分心的强度对创伤性信息加工的影响

结合ERP技术、创伤电影范式和改进的工作记忆范式探讨了认知分心的强度对创伤性信息加工的影响。结果发现, (1)高负荷上的N2波幅显著大于低负荷上的。(2)在低工作记忆负荷上, 创伤负性图引发的LPP波幅显著大于创伤中性图和无关中性图; 而在高工作记忆负荷上, 三类图片引发的LPP波之间差异不再显著。(3)在创伤负性图上高、低负荷工作记忆任务诱发的LPP波差异显著, 且高负荷条件下的LPP波幅显著小于低负荷条件。结果表明, 相比低认知控制, 早期高认知控制对创伤性信息的调节更有效, 支持了认知控制理论。     

不对称情绪分享过程中情绪反应自我指向增强效应的初探

主客体之间产生不一致的情绪反应称之为不对称共情(Counterempathy)。在Decety提出的情绪分享过程两阶段及Goubert提出的“指向自己”和“指向他人”两种情绪反应指向的研究基础上, 构建不对称情绪分享过程的两阶段模型, 通过创建竞争环境, 检验在不对称情绪分享过程中是否存在情绪反应自我指向增强效应的这一假设。被试根据竞争对手的情绪表情(皱眉和笑脸)来完成情绪反应自我指向(判断被试者自己的输赢)和情绪反应他人指向(判断竞争对手的输赢)的实验任务。结果表明: 在不对称情绪分享过程中, 存在情绪反应自我指向的增强效应。被试不仅在自我指向任务中产生了不对称共情, 而且在他人指向任务中也产生了不对称共情, 这说明在有意识的不对称情绪分享过程中, 个体会分化出比他人指向更强烈的自我指向的情绪反应。并且, 相较他人指向任务, 个体在自我指向任务中产生了更强烈的不对称共情。尤其当竞争对手获利时, 个体会产生更强烈的指向自我的负性情绪。     

The interaction between leader–member exchange and perceived job security in predicting employee altruism and work performance

This study investigated the relationships among leader–member exchange (LMX), perceived job security, and employee performance. Drawing on the job demands–resources model and conservation of resources theory, we expected both LMX and perceived job security would affect employee altruism and work performance in a positive manner. In addition, LMX and perceived job security were expected to interact to predict the two outcome variables. The hypotheses were tested with a sample of 184 employees in a state‐owned enterprise in China. Our results showed that LMX, but not perceived job security, was positively related to employee altruism and work performance. Additionally, the effect of LMX on altruism was stronger for employees perceiving less job security. The findings indicated that LMX as a job resource becomes more impactful to altruistic performance when employees feel less secure at work.     

宗教与认同:宗教对自我认同发展的作用分析

对自我的研究是宗教心理学研究的重要领域。宗教是青少年自我认同发展的重要源泉。文章对宗教在自我认同发展过程中的作用进行了深入的分析后认为,从宏观角度上看,宗教是青少年认同发展的意识形态基础;宗教为青少年提供社会化的社会环境;宗教还是青少年认同发展的重要精神背景。文章还以仪式和祈祷为例,从微观角度分析了宗教崇拜对青少年认同发展的作用和意义。     

Intersubjective cultural representations predicting behaviour: The case of political culture and voting

Research has shown that cultural identification is influenced by the congruence between people's personal values and intersubjectively represented cultural values. The current research extended this finding to voter choice and behaviour. We hypothesized that people whose values and attitudes are similar to the collective representations of the political party that an election candidate belongs to would be more likely to vote for that candidate. Also, this relationship would be mediated by party identification. We found support for our hypotheses in two studies, one on the Legislative Council election in Hong Kong and the other on the 2004 US presidential election.     

新员工期望与组织社会化早期适应的关系

以天津市、浙江省和山东省9家企业2008年7月入职的205名新员工为被试,采用纵向研究设计,在新员工进入企业时和进入企业三个月后分别测量新员工期望和组织社会化近端结果(任务掌握、角色清晰、组织理解和社会整合),考察了新员工期望与组织社会化早期的适应的关系。结果显示:"工作—舒服期望"分别与新员工角色清晰和任务掌握、社会整合存在显著正相关,"工作—责任期望"分别与新员工任务掌握和组织理解正相关。研究结果没有支持新员工期望与适应的关系遵循"特异性匹配原则",但从期望的作用角度支持了工作期望是新员工期望最重要的组成部分。     

Culture,essentialism, and agency: are individuals universally believed to be more real entities than groups?

Are human individuals universally seen to be more real entities (or more entitative, to use Campbell's, 1958, term) than social groups? Although the individual may be seen to be more entitative than social groups in the West, it is unclear whether this is the case in other cultures, especially in East Asia. Two aspects of perceived entitativity are distinguished: psychological essentialism (belief in the presence of essence‐like unchangeable properties) and agency (perception that a social entity is an agent), and examined for four social targets (individual, family, friendship group, and society) in three English‐speaking cultures (Australia, UK, and USA), three East Asian cultures (Hong Kong, Japan, and Korea), and two continental European cultures (Belgium and Germany). In all cultures, the individual person was seen to possess essence‐like unchangeable characteristics more than social groups (i.e. essentialized). As for agency, the individual person was seen to be more agentic than groups in Western cultures, but both individuals and groups were conferred an equal level of agency in East Asia. Individuals may be universally more essentialized than friendship groups and societies, but not always seen to be more agentic, than social groups. Implications of the results for conceptions of individualism and collectivism are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.