Understanding Prosodic Focus Marking in Mandarin Chinese: Data from Children and Adults

Journal of Psycholinguistic Research - This study investigated whether Mandarin speakers interpret prosodic information as focus markers in a sentence-picture verification task. Previous production...     

Do Negative Role Models Increase Entrepreneurial Intentions? The Moderating Role of Self-Esteem

Social learning theory predicts that negative role models dampen one’s enthusiasm to pursue an entrepreneurial career. Empirical studies find that the presence of negative role models does not decrease one’s interest in starting a business. This article attempts to reconcile this contradiction. We hypothesized and found in Studies 1 and 2 that observing a business failure decreases one’s entrepreneurial intention when the level of self-esteem is low. However, one’s preference for an entrepreneurial career is increased when the level of self-esteem is high. Study 3 provides evidence that the self-esteem effect still holds when reference person is different.     

When Does Dispositional Gratitude Help Athletes Move Away From Experiential Avoidance? The Moderating Role of Perceived Autonomy Support From Coaches

Experiential avoidance, the attempt to avoid negative experiences, can prevent athletes from reaching their goals. To mitigate this tendency, the authors offer a relational approach and propose that dispositional gratitude and perceived autonomy support from coaches will have an interaction effect in mitigating experiential avoidance. Time-lagged data from 140 athletes were analyzed. Dispositional gratitude and perceived coach autonomy support had a significant interaction effect on predicting experiential avoidance when Time 1 experiential avoidance was controlled. Those high in dispositional gratitude and perceived coach autonomy support decreased their experiential avoidance over time. Implications and application for experiential avoidance and gratitude are discussed.     

从面孔模块到马赛克──视觉特异性加工的脑机制

“脑功能的模块性”是视觉乃至整个认知神经科学的研究热点。特异性的面孔加工模块被当作是认知模块假说的最好证据。但综述跨学科的正反两方面实验证据表明,视觉加工存在特异性,并没有普遍的模块式的亚单元,而是“马赛克”镶嵌式的组构。     

P3b反映基于相似性的图形类别归纳决策过程(309)

先前关于归纳推理的研究没有探讨过图形类别归纳任务中决策过程的事件相关电位(ERPs)特征。该研究采用图形材料,通过记录和分析图形类别归纳推理任务的结论评估阶段的脑电信号,探讨了不同类别条件下图形归纳推理决策过程的ERP特征。实验结果显示,推理决策过程中,当前提为一些狗具有某种属性特征时,结论一致类别(狗类及马类)比结论不一致类别下(椅子类)的归纳推理诱发了更大的P3b的波幅; 而结论一致类别下,类别内(狗类)比类别外(马类)推理诱发更大的后部脑区的P3b的波幅,反映了相似性对类别归纳的贡献。该研究为理解类别归纳过程的决策阶段的动态加工过程提供了神经电生理学证据。研究结果进一步支持了类别归纳的相似性理论模型。     

高中生羞怯与学校适应的关系:同伴依恋的中介作用及年级差异

目的:考察高中学生羞怯、同伴依恋与学校适应之间的关系及其年级差异。方法:以中学生羞怯量表、同伴依恋量表以及学校适应量表为研究工具,从潍坊市两所高中抽取12个班共计605名高中生进行问卷测查。结果:(1)高中生羞怯与同伴依恋、学校适应呈显著负相关; 同伴依恋与学校适应呈显著正相关。(2)同伴依恋在高中生羞怯和学校适应之间起部分中介作用,但同伴依恋在高一学生中中介作用显著,而在高二和高三学生中,这种中介作用不显著。     

儒家文化与中国人健康心理的交互建构

中国传统文化的主体是儒家文化,文化与健康心理之间存在着相互作用、相互建构的关系。儒家文化与中国人的健康心理的交互建构作用主要表现在三个方面:一是心理问题躯体化,即文化心理与躯体症状的交互建构;二是心理问题道德化,即文化心理与德行标准的交互建构;三是心理问题生活化,即健康心理与伦理规范的交互建构。它们既是中国人健康心理与行为的典型表现特征,也是儒家文化与中国人的健康心理和行为交互建构的结果。心理健康、道德健康、伦理健康三者之间是一个相互作用、相互建构、协调发展的完整体系。中国心理健康服务要充分发挥心理健康理论的建构特性和行动特征,促进心理健康服务理论与实践协调发展。     

Some Ethical Concerns About Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human induced pluripotent stem cells can be obtained from somatic cells, and their derivation does not require destruction of embryos, thus avoiding ethical problems arising from the destruction of human embryos. This type of stem cell may provide an important tool for stem cell therapy, but it also results in some ethical concerns. It is likely that abnormal reprogramming occurs in the induction of human induced pluripotent stem cells, and that the stem cells generate tumors in the process of stem cell therapy. Human induced pluripotent stem cells should not be used to clone human beings, to produce human germ cells, nor to make human embryos. Informed consent should be obtained from patients in stem cell therapy.     

Transitions in sleep problems from late adolescence to young adulthood: A longitudinal analysis of the effects of peer victimization

Adolescence is a developmental period with high vulnerability to sleep problems. However, research identifying distinct patterns and underlying determinants of sleep problems is scarce. This study investigated discrete subgroups of, changes in, and stability of sleep problems. We also examined whether peer victimization influenced sleep problem subgroups and transitions in patterns of sleep problems from late adolescence to young adulthood. Sex differences in the effects of peer victimization were also explored. In total, 1,455 male and 1,399 female adolescents from northern Taiwan participated in this longitudinal study. Latent transition analysis was used to examine changes in patterns of sleep problems and the effects of peer victimization on these changes. We identified three subgroups of sleep problems in males and two in females, and found that there was a certain level of instability in patterns of sleep problems during the study period. For both sexes, those with greater increases in peer victimization over time were more likely to change from being a good sleeper to a poor sleeper. The effects of peer victimization on baseline status of sleep problems, however, was only significant for males, with those exposed to higher levels of peer victimization more likely to be poor sleepers at baseline. Our findings reveal an important role of peer victimization in predicting transitions in patterns of sleep problems. Intervention programs aimed at decreasing peer victimization may help reduce the development and escalation of sleep problems among adolescents, especially in males.

     

不同加工任务下情绪词的掩蔽重复启动效应

重复可促进信息的加工,人们对一定时间范围内重复出现的刺激能够更快更准的做出反应.本研究采用掩蔽重复启动范式,考察了情绪与非情绪判断任务中积极与消极词的阈下重复所产生的启动效应.结果发现.情绪判断任务下积极词反应优于消极词,并且表现出更大的重复启动效应;而具体抽象判断任务中,非重复启动条件下积极词反应仍优于消极词,但消极词重复产生了更大的启动作用,在启动条件下其反应优于积极词.