奎因的本体论标准

这篇论文旨在讨论奎因(w.v.o.Quine)的本体论标准。在论文的第一部分中我将介绍他在《逻辑和共相的实体化》[1]一文中提出的本体论标准并根据具体例子来解释其实际用途。讨论将会同时涉及到带有存在量词的语句和带有全称量词的语句。根据奎因的本体论标准,有一些理论先设(presuppose)共相(我指的是包括集合,真值,可能世界里的物体等等在内的一切抽象物体。与之相对的是具体物体)的存在。但就这些理论的其中一部分来说,唯名论者可以用塔尔斯基(Tarski)提出的方法来避开那些他们不能接受的本体论先设。我会对塔尔斯基的方法做简略介绍。论文…     

大学生主观幸福感的测量研究

本文主要论述了大学生主观幸福感的测量研究的现状及其测量研究的内容,并讨论了大学生主观幸福感的测量研究的发展趋向,旨在为以后的研究提供参考。     

Distributing versus focusing attention in visual short-term memory

Visual short-term memory (VSTM) is traditionally considered a robust form of visual memory resistant to interference from subsequent visual input. This study shows that the robustness of VSTM depends on the way attention is allocated in VSTM. When attention is distributed across multiple memory items, VSTM for these items is vulnerable to interference from subsequent input, including passively viewed images and the postchange testing displays. Yet attention can readjust its focus in VSTM on the basis of an attentional orienting cue presented long after encoding. When attention is oriented to a particular memorized item, the memory is resistant to subsequent interference. This effect, however, is eliminated when the subset of items demanding focal attention exceeds one, suggesting that orienting attention in VSTM is less flexible than orienting attention in perception. We propose that the robustness of VSTM is influenced by whether attention is focused or distributed in VSTM.     

相对主义的问题

相对主义有多种,并且不同的作者把相对主义与实在论、客观主义、基础主义、理性主义、绝对主义、普遍主义做各种各样的对比。本文区分有关相对主义的语义学概念和认识论概念,考察了跨文化的相对主义和跨理论的相对主义的各种主张,对局部合理性和全局合理性观点做了比较研究,从维特根斯坦的“生活形式”概念出发,为温和的相对主义提供了论证。     

敦煌本《坛经》相关问题考辨

本文针对一些学者对敦煌本《坛经》的误解,就敦煌本《坛经》研究、《坛经》的附益、传衣表信与《坛经》传宗、"南宗"及"南能北秀"等禅宗史上的重大问题进行考辨,肯定了敦煌本是现存最早的《坛经》,是慧能说法讲经的记录,其真实性不容置疑。     

Individual Differences in Brain Structure and Resting Brain Function Underlie Representation-Connection in Scientific Problem Solving

Evidence from a range of fields shows that representation-connection (RC) is the key step towards the solution of a real-world insight problem. However, no study has focused on the inter-individual variability in RC, and little is known about whether structural and resting-state functional signals can account for inter-individual differences in RC. Combining structural (regional grey matter density, rGMD) and functional (fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC)) analysis approaches was used to examine the neural substrates of RC. The results showed that the RC score was positively correlated with rGMD and fALFF values in the bilateral lingual gyrus (LG), which might be related to relevant visual imagery during the correct matching of a specific prototype with an unsolved technical problem and the retrieval and application of key information from prototypes. In addition, the RC score was negatively correlated with the rGMD in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and functional connectivity analysis revealed that a higher RC score was inversely correlated with the strength of the RSFC between the right LG and the left inferior parietal lobule (IPL), which indicated that RC might be supported by decreased response inhibition and the automatic association of semantics.     

Implicit,long-term spatial contextual memory

Learning and memory of novel spatial configurations aids behaviors such as visual search through an implicit process called contextual cuing (M. M. Chun & Y. Jiang, 1998). The present study provides rigorous tests of the implicit nature ofcontextual cuing. Experiment 1 used a recognition test that closely matched the learning task, confirming that memory traces of predictive spatial context were not accessible to conscious retrieval. Experiment 2 gave explicit instructions to encode visual context during learning, but learning was not improved and conscious memory remained undetectable. Experiment 3 illustrates that memory traces for spatial context may persist for at least 1 week, suggesting along-term component of contextual cuing. These experiments indicate that the learning and memory of spatial context in the contextual cuing task are indeed implicit. The results have implications for understanding the neural substrate of spatial contextual learning, which may depend on an intact medial temporal lobe system that includes the hippocampus (Mi. M. Chun & E. A. Phelps, 1999).     

Perceived organizational career management and career adaptability as predictors of success and turnover intention among Chinese employees

Based on the theories of career construction and of social exchange, the current research examined the joint and interactive effects of perceived organizational career management and career adaptability on indicators of career success (i.e., salary and career satisfaction) and work attitudes (i.e., turnover intention) among 654 Chinese employees. The results showed that career adaptability played a unique role in predicting salary after controlling for the effects of demographic variables and perceived organizational career management. It was also found that both perceived organizational career management and career adaptability correlated negatively with turnover intention, with these relationships mediated by career satisfaction. The results further showed that career adaptability moderated the relationship between perceived organizational career management and career satisfaction such that this positive relationship was stronger among employees with a higher level of career adaptability. In support of the hypothesized moderated mediation model, for employees with a higher level of career adaptability, the indirect effect of perceived career management on turnover intention through career satisfaction was stronger. These findings carry implications for research on career success and turnover intention.     

齐国部分疑异人物考辨

自齐国作为封国建立后,其历史人物,有籍可考的不少于463人。大部分的人物清晰可辨,但仍有些人物存在疑异。有些是人物本身事迹不明了,有些则是人物之间存在疑异。本文试就宾胥无与弦章、东郭牙与鲍叔牙和东郭邮、章子与匡章这三组有争议的历史人物进行考辨,以期还其本来历史面目。     

Surprise! An Unexpected Color Singleton Does Not Capture Attention in Visual Search

The existence of a pure form of stimulus-driven attentional control has been aligned exclusively with the existence of attentional capture. Unfortunately, there has been little evidence provided in support of attentional capture. The present study investigated whether the repeated failure to observe attentional capture might be due to the way in which attentional capture has been measured. A new visual search procedure was used to investigate whether attention would be captured by an initial and unexpected encounter with a color singleton. Despite this important change in procedure, the color singleton still did not capture attention. Further evidence showed that visual search for the color singleton could be highly efficient, but only after its relevance became established, and that the failure to observe capture in the present experiment was not due to other potentially detrimental effects of surprise. The present results suggest that new conceptions of stimulus-driven attentional control are required.