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731.
Xin Ma 《Journal of International Migration and Integration》2003,4(4):541-576
Using the Canadian sample from the Programme for International Student Assessment, this study examined the effects of student
and school characteristics on academic achievement of immigrant and non-immigrant students. No differences were found in mathematics
achievement, but non-immigrant students outperformed immigrant students in both reading and science achievement. At the student
level, there was more gender equity in academic achievement among immigrant than non-immigrant students. Socioeconomic inequity
was related to fathers among immigrant students but to both mothers and fathers among non-immigrant students. Home language
had weaker effects among immigrant than non-immigrant students. At the school level, teacher-student ratio, teacher morale,
and academic pressure were predictors for immigrant students, whereas disciplinary climate for non-immigrant students. Non-immigrant
students demonstrated tremendous regional differences that were absent among immigrant students. 相似文献
732.
733.
企业职工的工作价值观特征分析 总被引:19,自引:2,他引:19
企业管理者可以借助三种不同的力量来激励和影响职工的工作行为 ,一种是外在的经济力量 ,一种是与工作相关的内在激励 ,还有一种是以人的信念和价值观念为基础的影响力。前两种行为激励是组织行为学研究的传统领域 ,而工作价值观则是近来随着组织文化的兴起而提出的新课题。本研究以企业现场调查为基础 ,分析了企业职工的工作价值观的特点 ,指出工作价值观是由工作行为评价因素、组织集体观念因素和个人要求因素三个方面构成 ,它们与职工的工作动机有着显著的相关。职工的工作价值观还表现出年龄的差异 ,年轻职工 (3 0岁以下 )的工作价值观并不是与年长的职工 (3 0岁及以上 )完全不同 ,他们在工作行为评价因素、组织集体观念因素方面有着共同之处 ,但是他们在考虑问题和判断时 ,思想更复杂 ,更多地考虑个人要求因素。不同所有制企业中的职工 ,其工作价值观也存在着一定的差异 ,其中 ,国有 /集体企业职工的组织集体观念显著地高于外资 /合资企业职工。 相似文献
734.
735.
Ying-Jung Yvonne Yeh The-Ngan Ma Su-Ying Pan Pei-Ju Chuang Yu-Hua Jhuang 《The Journal of social psychology》2020,160(4):465-478
ABSTRACT A within-person diary research design with 39 full-time workers was used to examine the effects of daily cross-domain usage of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on job-related performance and stress in both workplace and home domains. Segmentation preference effects on links between cross-domain ICT usage and both job performance and job stress were also analyzed. A positive association was found for the first relationship in mixed home-workplace contexts, and a negative association for the second in home contexts only. A stronger segmentation preference effect on the negative relationship between cross-domain ICT usage and job stress was found for integrators (employees who integrate work and home domains) compared to separators (employees who separate work/non-work activities). Our findings suggest that daily cross-domain ICT usage can enhance job performance and reduce job stress, with a moderating effect of segmentation preference on the link between cross-domain ICT usage and job stress. 相似文献
736.
Wenchao Ma Jimmy de la Torre 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2020,73(1):142-163
As a core component of most cognitive diagnosis models, the Q-matrix, or item and attribute association matrix, is typically developed by domain experts, and tends to be subjective. It is critical to validate the Q-matrix empirically because a misspecified Q-matrix could result in erroneous attribute estimation. Most existing Q-matrix validation procedures are developed for dichotomous responses. However, in this paper, we propose a method to empirically detect and correct the misspecifications in the Q-matrix for graded response data based on the sequential generalized deterministic inputs, noisy ‘and’ gate (G-DINA) model. The proposed Q-matrix validation procedure is implemented in a stepwise manner based on the Wald test and an effect size measure. The feasibility of the proposed method is examined using simulation studies. Also, a set of data from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 2011 mathematics assessment is analysed for illustration. 相似文献
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738.
Drawing on the proactive motivation model and theories of motivation, the current study examined customer-initiated support as an antecedent of employees’ proactive customer service performance (PCSP) and investigated the mediating role of proactive motivations and the moderating role of serving culture. We conducted two multilevel studies to test the proposed hypotheses. In study 1, we collected diary data from 158 nurses across 10 working days, and results showed that the relationship between nurses’ daily experience of customer-initiated support and their PCSP was mediated by self-efficacy, work meaning, and positive affect. In study 2, we collected multilevel multi-source data from 373 nurses nested within 80 units and found that nurses’ experience of customer-initiated support was positively related to their supervisor-rated PCSP via role-breadth self-efficacy and work meaning, but not through positive affect. Further, team-level serving culture strengthened the positive relationship between customer-initiated support and role-breadth self-efficacy. These findings shed light on understanding the effect of customer-initiated support as an external factor on prompting service employees’ proactive behaviors, potential motivational mediators to explain the underlying mechanisms, and potential boundary conditions inside of service organizations to strengthen the positive effects of customer-initiated support. 相似文献
739.
Arturo Perez Helen L. Ma Stephanie Zawaduk Michael R. W. Dawson 《Cognitive Science》2023,47(1):e13233
How might artificial neural networks (ANNs) inform cognitive science? Often cognitive scientists use ANNs but do not examine their internal structures. In this paper, we use ANNs to explore how cognition might represent musical properties. We train ANNs to classify musical chords, and we interpret network structure to determine what representations ANNs discover and use. We find connection weights between input units and hidden units can be described using Fourier phase spaces, a representation studied in musical set theory. We find the total signal coming through these weighted connection weights is a measure of the similarity between two Fourier structures: the structure of the hidden unit's weights and the structure of the stimulus. This is surprising because neither of these Fourier structures is computed by the hidden unit. We then show how output units use such similarity measures to classify chords. However, we also find different types of units—units that use different activation functions—use this similarity measure very differently. This result, combined with other findings, indicates that while our networks are related to the Fourier analysis of musical sets, they do not perform Fourier analyses of the kind usually described in musical set theory. Our results show Fourier representations of music are not limited to musical set theory. Our results also suggest how cognitive psychologists might explore Fourier representations in musical cognition. Critically, such theoretical and empirical implications require researchers to understand how network structure converts stimuli into responses. 相似文献
740.