Tone matters for Cantonese–English bilingual children’s English word reading development: A unified model of phonological transfer

Languages differ considerably in how they use prosodic features, or variations in pitch, duration, and intensity, to distinguish one word from another. Prosodic features include lexical tone in Chinese and lexical stress in English. Recent cross-sectional studies show a surprising result that Mandarin Chinese tone sensitivity is related to Mandarin–English bilingual children’s English word reading. This study explores the mechanism underlying this relation by testing two explanations of these effects: the prosodic hypothesis and segmental phonological awareness transfer. We administered multiple measures of Cantonese tone sensitivity, English stress sensitivity, segmental phonological awareness in Cantonese and English, nonverbal ability, and English word reading to 123 Cantonese–English bilingual children ages 7 and 8 years. Structural equation modeling revealed a longitudinal prediction of Cantonese tone sensitivity to English word reading between 8 and 9 years of age. This relation was realized through two parallel routes. In one, Cantonese tone sensitivity predicted English stress sensitivity, and English stress sensitivity, in turn, significantly predicted English word reading, as postulated by the prosodic hypothesis. In the second, Cantonese tone sensitivity predicted English word reading through the transfer of segmental phonological awareness between Cantonese and English, as predicted by segmental phonological transfer. These results support a unified model of phonological transfer, emphasizing the role of tone in English word reading for Cantonese–English bilingual children.     

知觉时长对恢复性环境的恢复性效果的影响

基于注意恢复理论探讨恢复性环境的即时恢复效果、知觉时间对恢复性环境的恢复性效果的影响、以及恢复性环境恢复效果的意识加工机制等问题。实验1对恢复性环境图片的恢复性效果进行评估,筛选恢复性环境的刺激材料;实验2基于前后测范式采用视觉搜索任务作为实验任务,以进一步验证图片的恢复性效果和实验任务的有效性;实验3采用实验组和对照组的实验范式选取三种不同知觉时长,以验证知觉时间对恢复性环境恢复性效果的影响。研究结果发现:呈现恢复性环境图片组成绩好于不呈现恢复性环境图片组;对恢复性环境图片的知觉时间越长恢复性效果越好。     

非平衡双语者Stroop效应的时间进程

运用Stroop任务的SOA范式,考察中-英双语者干扰和易化效应的时间进程及程度,比较双语者认知控制和词汇通达的差异。结果发现,在中文条件下,干扰效应的峰值发生在SOA为-200ms时,在英文条件下,最大的干扰效应发生在SOA为-300 ms时,由此可见,干扰效应时间出现了负转换。在英文条件下,-400ms SOA引发了最大的易化效应,而中文条件下最大的易化效应发生在-300ms SOA。该研究表明,双语者没有表现出认知优势,在Stroop任务中受到了词汇通达的影响。     

Bindings in working memory: The role of object-based attention

Over the past decade, it has been debated whether retaining bindings in working memory (WM) requires more attention than retaining constituent features, focusing on domain-general attention and space-based attention. Recently, we proposed that retaining bindings in WM needs more object-based attention than retaining constituent features (Shen, Huang, & Gao, 2015, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, doi: 10.1037/xhp0000018). However, only unitized visual bindings were examined; to establish the role of object-based attention in retaining bindings in WM, more emperical evidence is required. We tested 4 new bindings that had been suggested requiring no more attention than the constituent features in the WM maintenance phase: The two constituent features of binding were stored in different WM modules (cross-module binding, Experiment 1), from auditory and visual modalities (cross-modal binding, Experiment 2), or temporally (cross-time binding, Experiments 3) or spatially (cross-space binding, Experiments 4–6) separated. In the critical condition, we added a secondary object feature-report task during the delay interval of the change-detection task, such that the secondary task competed for object-based attention with the to-be-memorized stimuli. If more object-based attention is required for retaining bindings than for retaining constituent features, the secondary task should impair the binding performance to a larger degree relative to the performance of constituent features. Indeed, Experiments 1–6 consistently revealed a significantly larger impairment for bindings than for the constituent features, suggesting that object-based attention plays a pivotal role in retaining bindings in WM.     

社会公理研究现状与展望

社会公理是人们对世界是如何运作的总体感知,它对人们的日常行为起着重要的指导作用.文章首先介绍了社会公理概念的发展,回顾总结了社会公理对行为的预测及其和文化相关的研究,并对未来的研究方向提出了建议与展望.     

惩罚的正义——在惩罚主义与功利主义之间

惩罚正义问题的回答一般有两种理论:惩罚主义和功利主义.这两种理论分别在康德和边沁、密尔那里得到了有力的辩护,同时,它们也受到了来自许多方面的批驳,这种辩驳表明,绝对的惩罚主义和完全的功利主义都不是保证惩罚正义的合适方案.而惩罚的正义必须形成一种建基于多元的现实之上的多元的理论,从而达到惩罚主义和功利主义之间的一种平衡.     

"中苏论战"与中国社会主义体制的选择

本文从经济、政治、文化三方面对"中苏论战"作了系统论述,阐明了"中苏论战"时中苏两国的社会生产力发展状况及各自执行的国内政策,揭示了中国当时经济、政治、文化发展的曲折过程、经验教训和"中苏论战"对中国社会主义体制建设的影响.     

谈马基雅维利的几个概念——依据《新的方式与制度》

曼斯菲尔德认为,马基雅维利的意图是为世界引入新的方式与制度,其新的方式与制度建立在获取的基础之上.获取不再是亚里士多德主张的维持道德的必要工具而成为目的本身,因而获取的压力或人主宰他人的欲望成为主导人的活动以及为他们的活动订立新的评价标准的事物.     

焦虑水平与体育高考生竞技状态关系及其对策

通过对体育高考学生焦虑状况的调查与评定 ,探讨焦虑水平与体育高考生竞技状态的关系。采用Spielberger状态 -特质焦虑量表对 2 5 9名考生进行调查 ,其中男 2 0 5人 ,女 5 4人。结果表明 ,在体育高考的情境压力下 ,学生的焦虑水平普遍提高 ,女生明显高于男生 (p <0 .0 1) ,其状态焦虑得分既非常显著地高于常模 (p <0 .0 1) ,也高于相关研究报告中普通高考学生的平均得分。体育高考学生适宜的状态焦虑水平为男 38～ 5 0分 ,女 4 1～ 5 2分。作者对结果进行了讨论分析 ,认为这反映了体育高考情境的特殊性 ,也反映了个体间最佳焦虑水平的差异性。其结果为我们重视对体育高考学生这一特殊的应试群体进行心理技能训练提供了依据。