方法影响结果?方法变异的本质、影响及控制

方法变异是由研究方法导致的系统误差.方法变异既可能产生结构层面的影响,也可能产生题目层面的影响;既可能影响单个结构的测量,也可能影响用相同方法研究的多个结构之间的关系,还可能影响用相同方法研究的多个研究之间的关系,进而影响到相关领域的理论建构.在控制方法变异时,可采取过程控制法和统计控制法,最好先用过程控制法.     

Compressing movement information via principal components analysis (PCA): Contrasting outcomes from the time and frequency domains

PCA has become an increasingly used analysis technique in the movement domain to reveal patterns in data of various kinds (e.g., kinematics, kinetics, EEG, EMG) and to compress the dimension of the multivariate data set recorded. It appears that virtually all movement related PCA analyses have, however, been conducted in the time domain (PCA_t). This standard approach can be biased when there are lead-lag (phase-related) properties to the multivariate time series data. Here we show through theoretical derivation and analysis of simulated and experimental postural kinematics data sets that PCA_t and, PCA in the frequency domain (PCA_f), can lead to contrasting determinations of the dimension of a data set, with the tendency of PCA_t to overestimate the number of components. PCA_f also provides the possibility of obtaining amplitude and phase-difference spectra for each principal component that are uniquely suitable to reveal control mechanisms of the system. The bias in the PCA_t estimate of the number of components can have significant implications for the veracity of the interpretations drawn in regard to the dynamical degrees of freedom of the perceptual-motor system.     

Intensity of odor and sensory irritation as a function of hexanal concentration and interpresentation intervals: an exploratory study

Hexanal is a suspected irritant in indoor air. Free-number magnitude estimation was used to measure intensity of odor and sensory irritation of two test concentrations (64 or 178 ppb) as a function of five concentrations and four interpresentation intervals. 9 of 12 participants (6 men, 6 women, ages 20-30 years) were able to detect the odor and report sensory irritation. The method of constant stimuli was applied to calculate the absolute thresholds of hexanal, which were 25 ppb for odor and 281 ppb for sensory irritation. Well-fitting power functions had a higher exponent for sensory-irritation intensity than for odor intensity (0.71 vs 0.66). A statistically significant effect on odor intensity was found for the concentration of presentations preceding the test stimuli and an interaction between concentrations and interpresentation intervals; however, sensory irritation was experienced to last longer than the odor of the same concentration.     

Saccades elicit obligatory allocation of visual working memory

In daily life, visual working memory (VWM) typically works in contexts in which people make frequent saccades. Here, we investigated whether people can effectively control the allocation of VWM when making a saccade. Subjects were required to make an intervening saccade in the process of a memory task. The saccade target was either a to-be-remembered item or an extra, not-to-be-remembered item. The results showed that memory performance was poorer when a saccade was made to the extra, not-to-be-remembered item, regardless of its similarity to the memory item(s). In contrast, when memorizing the items while remaining fixated, subjects had similar memory performance whether an extra, not-to-be-remembered item was present or not. Taken together, these results demonstrated that volitional control over VWM allocation is greatly impaired when a saccade is made, indicating that VWM contains an automatic part that cooperates with eye movements and is allocated to a saccade target obligatorily.     

癌症患者临床决策倾向性的研究

为了解癌症患者对医生、自己和家属意见的临床决策倾向性,采取问卷调查和半结构访谈相结合的方法,调查120例住院癌症患者的临床决策倾向性。结果显示,(1)生活习惯相关决策,实际和理想的患者自己倾向性构成比值最高,为40%和33%;求医行为方面家属最高,实际和理想均为50%;常规检查、总体治疗方案、手术、化疗和放疗相关决策方面均为医生最高,分别为100%、90%、100%、90%和100%;(2)癌症患者理想和实际的临床决策倾向性构成比值均无差异(P0.05),但访谈显示29.17%的患者认为目前决策状态不理想。提示:(1)癌症患者在不同方面的临床决策倾向性有所不同。(2)癌症患者对临床决策状态基本满意,但有患者希望医生参与沟通更多或自己参与更多。     

论积极心理学视野下的心理韧性

心理韧性是积极心理学领域全新的研究热点之一。以往对于心理韧性的研究,经历了探索个人韧性特质与保护因子的阶段和关注韧性形成的动态过程阶段。在积极心理学思潮的影响下,文章从心理潜能的视角对心理韧性的内涵予以新的诠释;提出促进韧性潜能实现的策略;介绍多种心理韧性测量工具;并以心理韧性当前的研究现状为依据,阐述未来研究的发展趋势:开展实证性研究、注重生物学影响因素、扩大研究领域、实施干预研究。     

阿底峡大师早年生平考

本文通过对不同文种、不同记载的史料进行比较研究,勾勒了阿底峡大师早年的生平,分析了阿底峡所处时代的特征,从而为追溯阿底峡思想的来源提供了基础。     

剩有燕京烟九节,白云观里会神仙——北京传统道教民俗之一

在长期的酝酿、发展与演变过程中,北京民俗与中国土生土长的制度化宗教——道教发生了互生互动的密切联系,在很多方面都体现出道教广泛而深刻的影响,并形成了独具特色的道教民俗。每年正月十九日的白云观"燕九节",是京城非常重要的道教民俗之一。自元代中后期以来,"燕九节"历经流变与传衍,不仅在北京传承悠久,在全国也不乏影响。     

当代中国宗教社会学的“聚”与“散”

<正>郑筱筠:今天很荣幸地请到了中国社会科学院高师宁研究员、中国人民大学魏德东教授、北京大学卢云峰教授、华东师范大学李向平教授来"学术空间"做客,这次讨论的话题是当代中国宗教社会学研究现状。很多人认为当代中国宗教社会学研究存在"聚"与"散"的现象。所谓     

Chronic administration of troxerutin protects mouse brain against d-galactose-induced impairment of cholinergic system

Previous evidence showed that administration of d-galactose (d-gal) increased ROS production and resulted in impairment of cholinergic system. Troxerutin, a natural bioflavonoid, has been reported to have many benefits and medicinal properties. In this study, we evaluated the protective effect of troxerutin against d-gal-induced impairment of cholinergic system, and explored the potential mechanism of its action. Our results displayed that troxerutin administration significantly improved behavioral performance of d-gal-treated mice in step-through test and morris water maze task. One of the potential mechanisms of this action was decreased AGEs, ROS and protein carbonyl levels in the basal forebrain, hippocampus and front cortex of d-gal-treated mice. Furthermore, our results also showed that troxerutin significantly inhibited cholinesterase (AchE) activity, increased the expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 7 (nAchRα7) and enhanced interactions between nAchRα7 and either postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) or N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors subunit 1 (NMDAR1) in the basal forebrain, hippocampus and front cortex of d-gal-treated mice, which could help restore impairment of brain function.