所有制与行业性质对组织学习动力作用的研究

本文探讨了组织特性（所有制和行业性质）对组织学习动力的作用。采用多元方差分析,研究了1074名各类企业员工和管理者的组织学习动力,分别探讨了组织特性对其学习动力的作用。结果表明：1）组织所有制性质影响组织学习动力;2）组织的行业性质影响组织学习动力;3）组织的所有制和行业性质存在交互作用。各类组织学习动力排序的结果是（1）在行业性质上：国营旅游业〉文教卫生〉金融业〉制造业;非国营制造业〉文教卫生〉金融业〉旅游业;（2）在所有制性质上：旅游业国营企事业单位〉非国营企业,制造业非国营企业〉国营企事业,金融业国营企业〉非国营企业．文教卫生行业非国营企业〉国营企业。     

乳腺外科医生的职业素质培养

健康的职业人格是医生综合素质的核心部分.乳腺外科医生面对有着独特心态的众多乳腺癌患者,更应重视患者的感受,保护好患者的隐私,采用恰当的沟通技巧疏通并缓解其心理压力,在延长生命的同时关注其生活质量.     

经后路椎管扩大减压术治疗多节段颈椎后纵韧带骨化症

研究经后路椎管扩大减压术治疗多节段颈椎后纵韧带骨化症的疗效.自2006年8月至2011年8月,采用经后路椎管扩大减压术治疗多节段颈椎后纵韧带骨化症27例,其中男19例,女8例,年龄48岁～82岁,平均63.6岁.手术前后用日本矫形外科学会(JOA)评分判断神经功能:用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)评价颈肩痛程度.结果所有患者均获随访,随访时间为3个月～5年,平均18个月.术后JOA评分为13.3(10～17)分,较术前10.2(5～14)分有显著改善(t＝14.72,P＜0.01).术后症状优良率88.9％.仅2例出现C5神经根麻痹,为一过性.术后颈肩痛VAS评分平均为1.9(1～3)分,较术前5.2(4～6)分明显缓解(t＝14.25,P＜0.01).经后路椎管扩大减压术能使脊髓彻底减压,充分后移,避免C5神经根麻痹,是目前治疗该病的较好方法.     

Mean Comparison: Manifest Variable Versus Latent Variable

Mean comparisons are of great importance in the application of statistics. Procedures for mean comparison with manifest variables have been well studied. However, few rigorous studies have been conducted on mean comparisons with latent variables, although the methodology has been widely used and documented. This paper studies the commonly used statistics in latent variable mean modeling and compares them with parallel manifest variable statistics. Our results indicate that, under certain conditions, the likelihood ratio and Wald statistics used for latent mean comparisons do not always have greater power than the Hotelling T² statistics used for manifest mean comparisons. The noncentrality parameter corresponding to the T² statistic can be much greater than those corresponding to the likelihood ratio and Wald statistics, which we find to be different from those provided in the literature. Under a fixed alternative hypothesis, our results also indicate that the likelihood ratio statistic can be stochastically much greater than the corresponding Wald statistic. The robustness property of each statistic is also explored when the model is misspecified or when data are nonnormally distributed. Recommendations and advice are provided for the use of each statistic. The research was supported by NSF grant DMS-0437167 and Grant DA01070 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. We would like to thank three referees for suggestions that helped in improving the paper.     

Biases and Standard Errors of Standardized Regression Coefficients

The paper obtains consistent standard errors (SE) and biases of order O(1/n) for the sample standardized regression coefficients with both random and given predictors. Analytical results indicate that the formulas for SEs given in popular text books are consistent only when the population value of the regression coefficient is zero. The sample standardized regression coefficients are also biased in general, although it should not be a concern in practice when the sample size is not too small. Monte Carlo results imply that, for both standardized and unstandardized sample regression coefficients, SE estimates based on asymptotics tend to under-predict the empirical ones at smaller sample sizes.     

Constructing Self-Identity: Minority Students’ Adaptation Trajectories in a Chinese University

Researchers have gone beyond identity status and been putting more and more emphases on the dynamic process of identity development and its contextual embeddedness. Study of individual’s adaptation to the multicultural background is a good point of penetration. Because of the differences in regional conditions and cultural traditions, the minority youths who go to university in the mainstream culture would have special experiences and challenges in the development of their self-identities. Semi-structured interview and narrative were used in this research to discover the characteristics of the self-identity constructing processes of Mongolian undergraduates in a Shanghai university context. Their identity constructing process could be divided into three stages: difference-detecting, self-doubting and self-orienting. The main efforts of identity constructing in each stage could all be described as self-exploring and support-seeking. Special contents of internal explorations and sources of support were distinguished at different stages. As relative results, three main types of self-orientation were revealed: goal-oriented, self-isolated and unreserved assimilated. The characteristics of them are quite similar to those of three identity processing styles proposed by Berzonsky, which indicates there are some common elements lying in all self-development processes of adolescences and young adults. Ethnicity and culture could be background and resource or what Côté called identity capital that impacts the special course of self-identity constructing under similar principles. Different attitudes towards and relationships with their own ethnicity and new surroundings separated the three types of students from each other and interacted with the developmental characteristics and tendencies of their ethnicity identifications and self identities. It was found that minority youths’ self-identity constructing was based on their needs of self-value and interacted with their ecological niche constructing. Take ethnicity attachment and ethnicity responsibility as a typical example: the setting up of bi-direction relationship between individuals and their ethnicity (or other identity-related factors) was very important for minority youths to expand and integrate themselves. We also presented in detail our methodological exploring process so as to illuminate the limitation of traditional methods and the necessity and importance of methodological reform. Methodologically, both emic and etic positions were taken, interview and narrative approaches were adopted and individual angle of analysis was kept in the research. They were all proved to be effective to provide insight into the dynamic process of self identity constructing.     

Neural mechanisms underlying the higher levels of subjective well-being in extraverts: Pleasant bias and unpleasant resistance

The present study investigated the neural mechanisms that underlie the higher levels of subjective well-being in extraverts. The impact of extraversion on the human sensitivity to pleasant and unpleasant pictures of diverse emotional intensities was examined. We recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) for highly positive (HP), moderately positive (MP), and neutral stimuli in the pleasant session, and for highly negative (HN), moderately negative (MN), and neutral stimuli in the unpleasant session, while subjects (16 extraverts and 16 ambiverts) performed a standard/deviant categorization task, irrespective of the emotionality of the deviant stimuli. The results showed significant emotion effects for HP and MP stimuli at the P2 and P3 components in extraverts, but not in ambiverts. Despite a pronounced emotion effect for HN stimuli across the P2, N2, and P3 components in both samples, ambiverts displayed a significant emotion effect for MN stimuli at the N2 and P3 components that was absent in extraverts. The posterior cingulate cortices, which connect multiple neural regions that are important in interactions of emotion and extraversion, may mediate the extravert-specific emotion effect for pleasant stimuli. Thus, extraverts are less susceptible to unpleasant stimuli of mild intensity than are ambiverts, while extraverts have an additional enhanced sensitivity to pleasant stimuli, regardless of emotion intensity. Consequently, the decreased threshold for pleasant emotion and the increased threshold for unpleasant emotion might be essential neural mechanisms that underlie the higher levels of subjective well-being in extraverts.     

单字词识别中多义词识别优势效应的年龄特点

采用词汇判断任务,以小学三年级、五年级儿童以及大学生为被试,考察单字词识别中的多义词识别优势效应的年龄特点.结果发现:(1)三组被试都表现出单字词识别中的多义词识别优势效应,且效应发生在低频字上;(2)随年龄的增长和识字能力的提高,儿童汉字识别的错误率降低;而多义词识别优势效应呈现递减的趋势.小学三年级已经发展出多义词的识别优势,小学五年级的反应模式与大学生的基本接近.最后,从语义反馈量、加工方式差异等角度对结果进行了解释.     

人权视野中的医患关系转归

试图从人权的视角来审视医患关系,展示尊重和保障人权在医患关系中的重要作用尊重和保障人权,医患关系将变得更为人性化、理性化、规范化,医患关系将走向法制化和全球化。旨在规范医患行为,为形成良好的医患关系,缓和医患矛盾和解决医患纠纷提供对策。