Action/Inaction and Regret: The Moderating Effect of Closeness1

Kahneman & Tversky (1982 ) demonstrated that actions are regretted more than inactions. It was conjectured that (a) when action shared the same closeness as inaction but was neither to approach nor to retreat the desired outcome, the action was seen as futile so that it would evoke stronger reactions of regret; and (b) closeness moderated the effect of action such that the effect was stronger when the acting target was closer to a good outcome, but weaker when the acting target was further away from a good outcome. A total of 5 regret‐triggering problems were presented to 150 undergraduates who rated actors' intensity of regret. The findings support that closeness is the moderator of the increased regret effect.     

科学能否帮助我们形成明智的道德判断？

科学和推理能否被用来形成道德判断?科学前沿的突破性发展为人类提供了新的力量,同时也引起了复杂的道德困惑。美国纽约州立大学荣誉教授保罗·库尔茨博士提出科学和推理在形成正确的道德价值判断方面发挥着极其重要的作用,当我们的道德判断是基于理性和科学调查时,它们更加易于表达最高层次的美德。同时它认为建设性的批判主义对于构建一个和谐社会是有益的。     

Expression of the emotions in the drawing of a man by the child from 5 to 11 years of age]

This study examines the development of children's ability to express emotions in their human figure drawing. Sixty children of 5, 8, and 11 years were asked to draw "a man," and then a "sad", "happy," "angry" and "surprised" man. Expressivity of the drawings was assessed by means of two procedures: a limited choice and a free labelling procedure. Emotionally expressive drawings were then evaluated in terms of the number and the type of graphic cues that were used to express emotion. It was found that children are able to depict happiness and sadness at 8, anger and surprise at 11. With age, children use increasingly numerous and complex graphic cues for each emotion (i.e., facial expression, body position, and contextual cues). Graphic cues for facial expression (e.g., concave mouth, curved eyebrows, wide opened eyes) share strong similarities with specific "action units" described by Ekman and Friesen (1978) in their Facial Action Coding System. Children's ability to depict emotion in their human figure drawing is discussed in relation to perceptual, conceptual, and graphic abilities.     

达米特的辩护主义真理观

达米特从反实在论出发,通过探讨真概念与语义理论的关系、真与意义的关系,提出了一种弱化的真概念。通过将真理理解为人们对于陈述句的一种辩护的能力,提出了一种辩护主义的真理观。主张把“语力”因素作为语义理论的支柱,把语句的真值条件与这种语言的使用实践紧密联系起来,体现了语言哲学中的语用学转向,也体现出解释学对分析哲学的影响和渗透。达米特的辩护主义真理观尽管存在理论上的缺陷并引起较大争论,但它以一种全新的视角来理解真理,在学术界产生了重要的影响。     

视觉短时记忆与视知觉的信息整合

与知觉整合和跨眼跳的信息整合一样,视觉短时记忆与视知觉的信息整合也是人们加工并保持整体性场景知觉的重要前提条件。近年来研究者们使用空白单元格定位任务进行了一些研究,试图寻求视觉短时记忆与视知觉信息整合的实验证据并探讨其整合机制。该文对已有的相关实验范式、实验证据和整合机制进行了介绍并加以分析,并指出未来研究可以在行为数据的基础上结合眼动和脑成像的数据寻求汇聚性证据     

对解释伪忽视机制的两种理论的初步检验

以视野因素对伪忽视的影响为切人点来考察注意的右半球优势理论与表征的空间变形理论对伪忽视机制的解释。使用灰度标尺任务和三视野速示迫选的实验方法研究视野和操作用手因素对伪忽视的影响。结果显示,只有将两种理论结合起来才能对伪忽视机制作出更好的解释。     

情绪启动研究新进展

情绪启动是探讨无意识情绪和态度自动激活的有效方法,其研究对于推动情绪和社会认知领域态度的研究具有重要意义。文章指明了近期研究不仅关注情绪启动的产生条件,而且逐步深化了自身研究并发展了新的范式,同时在研究较为成熟的基础上,运用该范式探讨情绪与认知及社会认知领域的一系列问题。此外,文章简评了厂近期研究中存在的问题并展望了未来研究的方向。     

新世纪综合性大学医学教育的发展方向与对策

新世纪综合性大学医学教育如何发展,如何建设,如何利用好多学科的优势是我国一些高等学校在联合、合并后亟需解决的问题。结合我校的实际情况,从这方面做了一些探索,主要论述了新世纪医学教育的发展趋势和走向,以及办好综合性大学医学教育所采取的对策和思路。     

群体身份调节最后通牒博弈的公平关注

群际互动是社会互动的一种重要形式, 在人类社会发展中起着重要作用。已有的行为研究表明个体参与群际互动时, 互动对象的群体身份会影响其心理加工和行为决策。但目前关于群体身份如何影响公平加工的动态时间过程尚不清楚。为了研究群体身份对最后通牒任务(Ultimatum Game, UG)中反应者公平关注的影响, 15名健康成人作为反应者与组内和组外提议者进行UG博弈, 提议包括极端不公平、中等不公平或公平提议三种。事件相关电位结果发现, 组外互动时公平提议和中等不公平提议比极端不公平提议诱发更负的AN1, 组内互动时不同提议诱发的AN1无显著差异。来自组内成员的中等和极端不公平提议比公平提议引起更负的内侧额叶负波(MFN), 但来自组外成员的不同提议则没有导致MFN波幅的变化。这些结果表明在群体互动情境下, 互动成员的群体身份能够影响个体的早期注意资源分配和公平关注加工。