对恐怖情绪的调节:认知重评和表达抑制的差异——一项ERP研究

本研究采用事件相关电位(ERP)技术,通过测量由视觉诱发的脑电成分晚正波(LPP)来比较情绪调节策略在生理电特征上的差异,探讨认知重评和表达抑制的优劣。实验结果表明:(1)从波幅的角度来比较:在400—600ms时间窗口内,认知重评条件下恐怖图片诱发的LPP波幅显著小于在自由观看条件下的波幅,而表达抑制和自由观看组所诱发的LPP波幅差异较小。(2)从时间进程的角度来比较:认知重评与自由观看组的差异发生在400ms并持续到600ms;而表达抑制和自由观看之间的差异发生在450ms但是只持续到550ms。这表明认知重评相较于表达抑制,对负性情绪起调节作用开始较早,并且持续时间较长。这为认知重评优于表达抑制策略提供了神经生理学上的证据。     

Sample size planning with the cost constraint for testing superiority and equivalence of two independent groups

The allocation of sufficient participants into different experimental groups for various research purposes under given constraints is an important practical problem faced by researchers. We address the problem of sample size determination between two independent groups for unequal and/or unknown variances when both the power and the differential cost are taken into consideration. We apply the well‐known Welch approximate test to derive various sample size allocation ratios by minimizing the total cost or, equivalently, maximizing the statistical power. Two types of hypotheses including superiority/non‐inferiority and equivalence of two means are each considered in the process of sample size planning. A simulation study is carried out and the proposed method is validated in terms of Type I error rate and statistical power. As a result, the simulation study reveals that the proposed sample size formulas are very satisfactory under various variances and sample size allocation ratios. Finally, a flowchart, tables, and figures of several sample size allocations are presented for practical reference.     

New heterogeneous test statistics for the unbalanced fixed‐effect nested design

When the underlying variances are unknown or/and unequal, using the conventional F test is problematic in the two‐factor hierarchical data structure. Prompted by the approximate test statistics (Welch and Alexander–Govern methods), the authors develop four new heterogeneous test statistics to test factor A and factor B nested within A for the unbalanced fixed‐effect two‐stage nested design under variance heterogeneity. The actual significance levels and statistical power of the test statistics were compared in a simulation study. The results show that the proposed procedures maintain better Type I error rate control and have greater statistical power than those obtained by the conventional F test in various conditions. Therefore, the proposed test statistics are recommended in terms of robustness and easy implementation.     

现象学与唯识学阿赖耶识的堪比度

现象学既已对形而上存在进行还原,便不应与唯识学中作为形而上存在的阿赖耶识有可比性,但这是一般观点。实质上,阿赖耶识呈现二维性,既有与意识相关的意向性存在,也有涅槃自在的出世间。前者可与现象学的纯粹意识立场相应,后者可与现象学本质真理的恒常性相应。现象学与唯识学均存在相互抵牾的二维向度,在唯识学中是通过遮诠或默然来消解,而现象学对此的化解似乎伴有体系解构之虞。     

影像诊断中的系统辩证思路

本文根据影像诊断逻辑学原理,探讨影像诊断思路.影像诊断思路可分为两个层面的思维和四个相应阶段.两个层面的思维是对象思维和元思维.四个阶段是影像观察理解、异常影像解析、疾病假说构建、影像诊断验证.这一过程我们称为影像诊断的二层四阶段系统辩证思路.     

《管子》财富哲学思想初探

财富的本质与源泉是人的感性活动即力、劳身的结果,是人的本质力量的对象化产物。人是最宝贵的财富,财富还包括劳动产品如谷物、自然财富、货币财富。财富的分配和消费具有社会权力性,社会权力是人的感性活动异化的结果。财富具有道德性,财富和道德融为一体即实德。     

时间性前瞻记忆研究取向与焦点问题

时间性前瞻记忆是指形成和保持一个意向,在一段时间后的某个特定的时间(目标时间)执行.文章通过对时间性前瞻记忆的研究取向、方法和现有理论模型的回顾,总结出该领域中的三个争论焦点.     

中央线索化对听觉障碍人群辨别任务返回抑制的影响

选取一组先天聋被试和与之匹配的听力正常被试,采用线索提示范式考察中央线索化对听觉障碍被试在辨别任务中基于位置返回抑制的影响。实验结果发现,在有中央线索化的任务实验中,听力正常和听觉障碍被试都出现了返回抑制,但是听觉障碍被试消失得比听力正常被试早。无中央线索化的辨别任务实验中,听力正常被试组仅在SOA=650ms时,听觉障碍被试没有发现返回抑制现象。结果表明听觉障碍被试辨别任务的返回抑制更易受中央线索化条件的影响,听障被试的空间注意调节机制更具策略性和有效性。