儿童同伴尊重的发展及社交领导性的影响: 三年追踪

对285名小学三年级和四年级儿童进行了连续三年的追踪调查,分析了儿童同伴尊重发展趋势及其在群体间的差异,探讨了社交领导性在儿童同伴尊重发展中的预测作用。结果表明：（1）童年中后期儿童与同伴之间的获得尊重与表现尊重具有显著增长趋势;（2）三年间女孩的表现尊重均高于男孩但增长速度无差异;女孩的获得尊重增长速度高于男孩;（3）儿童的社交领导性能够显著正向预测儿童同伴尊重的发展趋势。     

DTC基因检测的伦理思考

直接面向消费者提供基因检测服务称为Direct-to-Consumer(DTC)基因检测。随着人类基因组计划测序工作的完成,DTC基因检测服务行业逐渐发展起来,它的出现与人们日益提高的健康需要相适应。但与此同时,一些社会伦理和法律问题也随之产生。对DTC基因检测的现状以及各国对其认可度进行阐述,剖析DTC基因检测存在的伦理问题,如隐私问题,有限的预测价值,检测信息的准确性,检测结果对受试者造成的负面心理影响,以及由此产生的基因歧视和卫生保健资源的浪费等。     

Gender Differences in Coping Styles of Chinese Military Officers Undergoing Intensive Training

This study investigated gender differences in anxiety and coping styles under the stress of intense military training. We surveyed Chinese female (n = 470) and male (n = 379) military officers who were surveyed during the third month of a 10-month intensive training program. Results indicated that state and trait anxiety were highly correlated in both women and men. In general, female officers had higher levels of anxiety, greater negative coping tendencies, and less perceived self-efficacy than their male counterparts. When compared with the norm, both women and men had significantly more positive coping strategies. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed factors that influenced male and female state anxiety. Avoidance, which was chosen by women more often than men, in general was less useful for female officers. The most common positive coping style for female officers was problem solving, whereas for men it was help seeking. We suggested that even female officers with lower mental health levels than their male counterparts made active cognitive changes to their coping styles when undergoing intense military training.     

The challenges of long‐distance relationships: the effects of psychological distance between service provider and consumer on the efforts to recover from service failure

This paper presents a model of the effects of recovery level in terms of distributive, procedural, and interactional dimensions on consumer attitudes (satisfaction and trust) and their subsequent effects on behavioral intentions. Service medium (online and offline) is considered as a moderating variable in the perspective of psychological distance. Findings reveal that the effects of recovery levels on satisfaction and trust are greater in the offline medium than in the online medium. Moreover, in both low and high recovery situations, offline customers are more satisfied and have higher levels of trust than do online customers. As expected, satisfaction with service recovery plays a pivotal role in enhancing customer's trust and behavioral intentions.     

First principles study of the temperature-dependent elastic properties of W

The temperature-dependent elastic constants of body-centred cubic (bcc) phase W are presented from first principles quasi-static approach. With the quasi-harmonic approximation model, the Hugoniot equation of state and temperature-dependence linear thermal expansion coefficient is successfully obtained. The adiabatic elastic constants show a normal behaviour with temperature: decrease with increasing temperature. Based on the obtained adiabatic elastic constants, the structural stability and polycrystalline aggregate properties including bulk modulus B, shear modulus G, and B/G ratio are analysed for bcc phase W. In addition, the sound velocities as a function of temperature for bcc phase W are predicted.     

反事实思维对行人交通安全行为意向的影响

反事实思维是对过去发生事情进行否定而产生的假设性思维表征,对行为改变和绩效改善有显著影响。因此,作为一种重要的认知策略,反事实思维常常被用于行为干预的研究。本研究采用单因素(反事实启动/经验启动)被试间实验设计,以4种常见的行人不安全行为为实验材料,运用顺序启动范式的语义启动分别激活自变量的两个水平,将遵守交通规则行为意向的评分和反应时双变量作为因变量指标,探索反事实思维对行人安全行为的促进作用。结果表明:与基线水平和经验启动相比,反事实启动诱导产生的行人交通安全行为意向更加积极,并且产生的自动化水平更高。文章最后讨论了研究的理论意义和对安全管理实践的启发。     

A New Second-Generation Mindfulness-Based Intervention Focusing on Well-Being: A Randomized Control Trial of Mindfulness-Based Positive Psychology

Second-generation mindfulness-based interventions (SG-MBIs) align well with positive psychology philosophy and practices, but trials of SG-MBIs have largely focused on ill-being. This study developed a mindfulness-based positive psychology (MBPP) intervention integrating positive psychology with an SG-MBI to enhance well-being. A randomized control trial was performed to compare MBPP with a waitlist condition among 138 Chinese participants. The results showed that MBPP significantly reduced negative emotions for subjective well-being and significantly improved environmental mastery for psychological well-being. Improvements in self-compassion and negative attitudes but not avoidance, mediated changes in well-being. Changes in positive emotions, positive relations, and awareness were associated with the amount of meditation practice. These findings showed that MBPP is promising for improving well-being and that the positive psychology components play important roles. Broadly, the study illustrated that positive psychology and SG-MBIs can be effectively integrated, and it supported the further application of SG-MBIs from the positive psychology perspective.

     

Belief in a just world and organisational loyalty: Trust as an underlying mechanism

This research examined whether employees' personal belief in a just world (BJW) is associated with their organisational loyalty and whether this relationship is statistically mediated by organisational trust. To test these hypotheses, we conducted two studies with employees from China (study 1, N = 314) and Germany (study 2, N = 189). The results from both studies supported the proposed model. In addition, study 2 revealed that the relationship between BJW and organisational loyalty persisted when controlling for global personality traits. These suggest that managers and organisations may increase employees' loyalty by providing an environment that fosters their sense of justice and trust.     

Brand signal quality of products in an asymmetric online information environment: An experimental study

Previous research regarding the effectiveness of brand name signalling has focused mainly on when and how marketers will recover costs. This study reverses this trend by examining how buyers may interpret signals via the brand name, the effectiveness of signalling via brand name in terms of buyer‐value perspectives and how buyers' reactions to signals affect sellers' decisions to adopt a signalling strategy. Signalling theory and concepts from consumer‐based branding research are used to suggest how to evaluate the effectiveness of signalling via brand name in the context of the consumer market – a market in which information is asymmetric. Findings from a number of repeated experiments, using the methodology of experimental economics, demonstrate that the function of a brand fluctuates according to which market conditions prevail for brand and price, the extent of brand differentiation and the magnitude of brand‐building costs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.