Affective picture processing is modulated by emotion word type in masked priming paradigm: an event-related potential study

ABSTRACT

Although a large body of research demonstrates the role of language in emotion processing (e.g. emotional facial expressions), how emotion-laden words (e.g. poison, reward) and emotion-label words (e.g. fear, satisfaction) differently impact affective picture processing is not clear. Emotion-label words label affective states straightforwardly, whereas emotion-laden words engender emotion via reflection. The current study adopted the masked priming paradigm to examine how Chinese emotion-laden words and emotion-label words distinctively influence affective picture processing. Twenty Chinese speakers decided the valence of the pictures with their cortical responses recorded. Emotion-label words facilitated affective picture evaluation behaviourally. Moreover, pictures that were preceded by emotion-laden words generated larger electrophysiological activation than those preceded by emotion-label words. Combined behavioural and ERP evidence revealed that emotion word type modulated affective picture processing, suggesting different roles of emotion-laden and emotion-label words in how emotion is shaped by language.     

湘西道教胜迹——辰溪大酉观

滔滔沅江,一泻千里,源出云贵高原,支流甚多,流到湘西辰溪县城处,有辰水汇入。在两水交汇不远的地方,有一座历史名山,叫"大酉山"。此山下有观,因山得名"大酉观",系宋代以来湘西一带著名的道教场所,昔时湘西各地打醮都要到大酉观取"皇表"。     

问题、方法与文献——《论六家要旨》的启示

《论六家要旨》蕴含了"问题与方法"的文献观,这种文献观具有基础性。运用之,不但可以帮助人们辨析文献征引的有效性,还有助于读者改进文献或读者自己的问题或方法,从而推进知识的积累与创新,并使文献史成为问题史、方法史、问题解决史,也就是生存结构史。     

从承认理论到民主正义论——略论南希·弗雷泽的政治哲学

弗雷泽提出要以参与平等为核心重新界定批判理论的规范基础,进一步从承认理论身份模式转向地位模式;从承认的规范一元论转向包含再分配与承认的"视角二元论";从局部的文化正义转向"一元三维"的总体的民主正义.弗雷泽的思想为弥合左派纷争,重新构建对资本主义社会的总体性批判做出了努力,反映了霍耐特承认"规范一元论"以后批判理论新的演进动向.     

Relevance theory,pragmatic inference and cognitive architecture

Relevance Theory (RT) argues that human language comprehension processes tend to maximize “relevance,” and postulates that there is a relevance-based procedure that a hearer follows when trying to understand an utterance. Despite being highly influential, RT has been criticized for its failure to explain how speaker-related information, either the speaker’s abilities or her/his preferences, is incorporated into the hearer’s inferential, pragmatic process. An alternative proposal is that speaker-related information gains prominence due to representation of the speaker within higher level goal-directed schemata. Yet the goal-based account is still unable to explain clearly how cross-domain information, for example linguistic meaning and speaker-related knowledge, is integrated within a modular system. On the basis of RT’s cognitive requirements, together with contemporary cognitive theory, we argue that this integration is realized by utilizing working memory and that there exist conversational constraints with which the constructed utterance interpretation should be consistent. We illustrate our arguments with a computational implementation of the proposed processes within a general cognitive architecture.

Abbreviations: ACT-R Adaptive Control of Thought - RationalCOGENT Cognitive Objects within a Graphical ENvironmenTCS/SS Contention Scheduling/Supervisory SystemRBCP Relevance-Based Comprehension ProcedureRT Relevance Theory     

宗教裁判所与检察制度的萌芽

宗教裁判所因对异端的迫害而臭名昭著.然而,正是从其秘密、刑讯逼供、有罪推定等今天看来缺乏最基本的程序正义的审判方式中,蕴育出现代检察制度的胚芽.宗教裁判所公共起诉和由机构控诉等做法,对于现代检察制度的萌芽产生了积极的促进作用,而纠问式审判的弊端,也从反面催生了现代检察制度.     

论儒家必为大一统的思想基础

儒家全面秉承了周文,在思想与规则上对社会生活都有全面的设计与安排,有助于安顿百姓的日常生活。儒家最终因汉武帝的"罢黜百家,表章六经"而被独尊,承担着秦汉以来的大一统的思想共源的基础作用,并据之建构起中华民族的公共交往平台,成为中华民族的精神家园。     

Replies to comments on "Which method delivers greater signal-to-noise ratio: Structural equation modelling or regression analysis with weighted composites?" by Yuan and Fang (2023)

Observational data typically contain measurement errors. Covariance-based structural equation modelling (CB-SEM) is capable of modelling measurement errors and yields consistent parameter estimates. In contrast, methods of regression analysis using weighted composites as well as a partial least squares approach to SEM facilitate the prediction and diagnosis of individuals/participants. But regression analysis with weighted composites has been known to yield attenuated regression coefficients when predictors contain errors. Contrary to the common belief that CB-SEM is the preferred method for the analysis of observational data, this article shows that regression analysis via weighted composites yields parameter estimates with much smaller standard errors, and thus corresponds to greater values of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In particular, the SNR for the regression coefficient via the least squares (LS) method with equally weighted composites is mathematically greater than that by CB-SEM if the items for each factor are parallel, even when the SEM model is correctly specified and estimated by an efficient method. Analytical, numerical and empirical results also show that LS regression using weighted composites performs as well as or better than the normal maximum likelihood method for CB-SEM under many conditions even when the population distribution is multivariate normal. Results also show that the LS regression coefficients become more efficient when considering the sampling errors in the weights of composites than those that are conditional on weights.     

镇海寺碑文

~~镇海寺碑文@爱新觉罗·玄烨 @文远