工作记忆和风险取向类型对情感决策的影响

本研究采用爱荷华赌博任务(Iowa Gambling Task,IGT)范式,探究工作记忆在情感决策过程中的作用,以及风险取向类型与工作记忆的作用机制。以88名大学生为被试,采用自变量2(风险取向类型:风险偏好/风险规避)×2(工作记忆负荷:无负荷/有负荷)的混合实验设计。结果发现,高工作记忆负荷会降低被试的IGT成绩;工作记忆负荷和风险取向类型存在交互作用,即对于风险偏好型被试,工作记忆负荷对IGT损失敏感性的干扰并不明显,但对于风险规避型被试,高工作记忆负荷时的IGT损失敏感性比低工作记忆负荷时的更差。这些结果表明工作记忆和风险取向均会影响个体的情感决策。     

主动性社交网站使用与青少年友谊质量的关系:积极反馈和人际不确定性的中介作用

为探讨主动性社交网站使用、积极反馈、人际不确定性与青少年友谊质量的关系。采用主动性社交网站使用问卷、社交网站积极反馈问卷、人际不确定性问卷以及青少年友谊质量问卷对937名高中生进行调查研究,结果显示:(1)主动性社交网站使用与社交网站积极反馈和友谊质量均呈显著正相关,而与人际不确定性呈显著负相关;积极反馈与人际不确定性呈显著负相关,与友谊质量呈显著正相关;人际不确定性与友谊质量呈显著负相关;(2)主动性社交网站使用对青少年友谊质量具有显著的直接预测作用,且能够通过社交网站积极反馈以及人际不确定性的单独中介作用以及社交网站积极反馈人际不确定性的链式中介作用对青少年友谊质量产生影响。研究结果揭示了主动性社交网站使用对青少年友谊质量的作用机制,对引导青少年合理利用社交网站发展良好的友谊关系具有一定的启示作用。     

自我损耗对攻击行为的影响:复愈性环境的作用

本研究采用实验(stroop任务和竞争反应时任务)和问卷(积极情感消极情感量表)相结合的方法,探讨复愈性环境对自我损耗后攻击性行为的影响。结果发现:高损耗组反应性攻击行为显著大于低损耗组,两组主动性攻击行为差异不显著;观看复愈性环境和非复愈性环境后,复愈性环境组反应性攻击行为显著低于非复愈性环境组,主动性攻击行为两组无差异。结果表明:自我损耗后会产生情绪上的不良表现,反应性攻击行为增多,而主动性攻击行为不受损耗影响;自我损耗后观看复愈性环境,能够缓解情绪上的不良表现,增加认知资源,从而减少攻击行为。     

Cognitive correlates of performance in advanced mathematics

Background. Much research has been devoted to understanding cognitive correlates of elementary mathematics performance, but little such research has been done for advanced mathematics (e.g., modern algebra, statistics, and mathematical logic). Aims. To promote mathematical knowledge among college students, it is necessary to understand what factors (including cognitive factors) are important for acquiring advanced mathematics. Samples. We recruited 80 undergraduates from four universities in Beijing. Methods. The current study investigated the associations between students’ performance on a test of advanced mathematics and a battery of 17 cognitive tasks on basic numerical processing, complex numerical processing, spatial abilities, language abilities, and general cognitive processing. Results. The results showed that spatial abilities were significantly correlated with performance in advanced mathematics after controlling for other factors. In addition, certain language abilities (i.e., comprehension of words and sentences) also made unique contributions. In contrast, basic numerical processing and computation were generally not correlated with performance in advanced mathematics. Conclusions. Results suggest that spatial abilities and language comprehension, but not basic numerical processing, may play an important role in advanced mathematics. These results are discussed in terms of their theoretical significance and practical implications.     

Neural mechanisms underlying the higher levels of subjective well-being in extraverts: Pleasant bias and unpleasant resistance

The present study investigated the neural mechanisms that underlie the higher levels of subjective well-being in extraverts. The impact of extraversion on the human sensitivity to pleasant and unpleasant pictures of diverse emotional intensities was examined. We recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) for highly positive (HP), moderately positive (MP), and neutral stimuli in the pleasant session, and for highly negative (HN), moderately negative (MN), and neutral stimuli in the unpleasant session, while subjects (16 extraverts and 16 ambiverts) performed a standard/deviant categorization task, irrespective of the emotionality of the deviant stimuli. The results showed significant emotion effects for HP and MP stimuli at the P2 and P3 components in extraverts, but not in ambiverts. Despite a pronounced emotion effect for HN stimuli across the P2, N2, and P3 components in both samples, ambiverts displayed a significant emotion effect for MN stimuli at the N2 and P3 components that was absent in extraverts. The posterior cingulate cortices, which connect multiple neural regions that are important in interactions of emotion and extraversion, may mediate the extravert-specific emotion effect for pleasant stimuli. Thus, extraverts are less susceptible to unpleasant stimuli of mild intensity than are ambiverts, while extraverts have an additional enhanced sensitivity to pleasant stimuli, regardless of emotion intensity. Consequently, the decreased threshold for pleasant emotion and the increased threshold for unpleasant emotion might be essential neural mechanisms that underlie the higher levels of subjective well-being in extraverts.     

Constructing Self-Identity: Minority Students’ Adaptation Trajectories in a Chinese University

Researchers have gone beyond identity status and been putting more and more emphases on the dynamic process of identity development and its contextual embeddedness. Study of individual’s adaptation to the multicultural background is a good point of penetration. Because of the differences in regional conditions and cultural traditions, the minority youths who go to university in the mainstream culture would have special experiences and challenges in the development of their self-identities. Semi-structured interview and narrative were used in this research to discover the characteristics of the self-identity constructing processes of Mongolian undergraduates in a Shanghai university context. Their identity constructing process could be divided into three stages: difference-detecting, self-doubting and self-orienting. The main efforts of identity constructing in each stage could all be described as self-exploring and support-seeking. Special contents of internal explorations and sources of support were distinguished at different stages. As relative results, three main types of self-orientation were revealed: goal-oriented, self-isolated and unreserved assimilated. The characteristics of them are quite similar to those of three identity processing styles proposed by Berzonsky, which indicates there are some common elements lying in all self-development processes of adolescences and young adults. Ethnicity and culture could be background and resource or what Côté called identity capital that impacts the special course of self-identity constructing under similar principles. Different attitudes towards and relationships with their own ethnicity and new surroundings separated the three types of students from each other and interacted with the developmental characteristics and tendencies of their ethnicity identifications and self identities. It was found that minority youths’ self-identity constructing was based on their needs of self-value and interacted with their ecological niche constructing. Take ethnicity attachment and ethnicity responsibility as a typical example: the setting up of bi-direction relationship between individuals and their ethnicity (or other identity-related factors) was very important for minority youths to expand and integrate themselves. We also presented in detail our methodological exploring process so as to illuminate the limitation of traditional methods and the necessity and importance of methodological reform. Methodologically, both emic and etic positions were taken, interview and narrative approaches were adopted and individual angle of analysis was kept in the research. They were all proved to be effective to provide insight into the dynamic process of self identity constructing.     

Perceived Breast Development and Adolescent Girls’ Psychological Well-Being

This study, based on U.S. nationally-representative data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (8,593 13–18?year old girls), explored how perceived breast development was related to psychological well-being among adolescent girls including variations by age and race-ethnicity. It was hypothesized that greater breast development would detrimentally influence adolescent girls’ psychological well-being, although these associations were expected to be stronger for younger adolescent girls and for Whites. Results using multivariate regression analyses with robust standard errors showed that greater perceived breast development was associated with lower self-esteem and higher depressive symptoms for 13–15?year old White, African American (for self-esteem only), and Hispanic (for depressive symptoms only) girls. Although perceived breast development was not associated with 16–18?year old girls’ self-esteem, supplemental analyses found that 16–18?year old Asian American and White girls with considerable or little breast development had more depressive symptoms than those with some breast development. Menarche at a younger age, overweight BMI, perceptions of being overweight, and efforts to lose weight explained a substantial portion of these associations. This study shows that greater perceived breast development, particularly if it occurs at a younger age, is a risk factor for poorer psychological well-being among adolescent girls including racial-ethnic minorities.     

乳腺外科医生的职业素质培养

健康的职业人格是医生综合素质的核心部分.乳腺外科医生面对有着独特心态的众多乳腺癌患者,更应重视患者的感受,保护好患者的隐私,采用恰当的沟通技巧疏通并缓解其心理压力,在延长生命的同时关注其生活质量.     

经后路椎管扩大减压术治疗多节段颈椎后纵韧带骨化症

研究经后路椎管扩大减压术治疗多节段颈椎后纵韧带骨化症的疗效.自2006年8月至2011年8月,采用经后路椎管扩大减压术治疗多节段颈椎后纵韧带骨化症27例,其中男19例,女8例,年龄48岁～82岁,平均63.6岁.手术前后用日本矫形外科学会(JOA)评分判断神经功能:用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)评价颈肩痛程度.结果所有患者均获随访,随访时间为3个月～5年,平均18个月.术后JOA评分为13.3(10～17)分,较术前10.2(5～14)分有显著改善(t＝14.72,P＜0.01).术后症状优良率88.9％.仅2例出现C5神经根麻痹,为一过性.术后颈肩痛VAS评分平均为1.9(1～3)分,较术前5.2(4～6)分明显缓解(t＝14.25,P＜0.01).经后路椎管扩大减压术能使脊髓彻底减压,充分后移,避免C5神经根麻痹,是目前治疗该病的较好方法.