Coordinated attention between children and their parents plays an important role in their social, language, and cognitive development. The current study used head‐mounted eye‐trackers to investigate the effects of children's prelingual hearing loss on how they achieve coordinated attention with their hearing parents during free‐flowing object play. We found that toddlers with hearing loss (age: 24–37 months) had similar overall gaze patterns (e.g., gaze length and proportion of face looking) as their normal‐hearing peers. In addition, children's hearing status did not affect how likely parents and children attended to the same object at the same time during play. However, when following parents' attention, children with hearing loss used both parents' gaze directions and hand actions as cues, whereas children with normal hearing mainly relied on parents' hand actions. The diversity of pathways leading to coordinated attention suggests the flexibility and robustness of developing systems in using multiple pathways to achieve the same functional end. 相似文献
Forensic examiners routinely compare a crime-relevant mark of unknown origin against a single suspect's sample, which may create an expectation that the two will match. We tested how embedding the suspect's sample among known-innocent fillers (i.e., an evidence lineup) affects expert decision-making. Experienced fingerprint examiners (N = 43) compared crime-relevant marks against either individual suspect fingerprints (i.e., the standard procedure) or arrays of fingerprints (i.e., evidence lineups), with a matching fingerprint either present or absent. Evidence lineups promoted conservative decision-making, as evidenced by fewer correct IDs and a higher rate of inconclusive judgments. Though errors were rare, evidence lineups also occasionally revealed errors that would have otherwise gone undetected. Our findings thus support arguments that evidence lineups can expose fraud, identify flawed methodologies, and curb overconfidence. The potential benefits and challenges of implementing evidence lineups in forensic laboratories are discussed. 相似文献
Based on a review of the literature we introduce a conceptualization of shopping-life balance, defined as a state of balanced satisfaction between shopping life and other life domains. The new construct involves two dimensions: engagement in shopping life and minimal conflict between social roles in shopping life and roles in other life domains. We argue that engagement in shopping life contributes to satisfaction in shopping life, which in turn contributes to subjective well-being through a bottom-up process. However, engagement in shopping life can lead to role conflict, which causes dissatisfaction in other life domains (e.g., family life, social life, financial life), and in turn detracts from subjective well-being through a bottom-up process. Role conflict may also detract from shopping engagement, thereby reducing satisfaction in shopping life. In the context of this unifying framework we explain much of the research conducted in relation to both shopping engagement and role conflict—predictors or antecedents of shopping engagement and role conflict, namely personal, situational, institutional, and cultural factors involved in shopping-life balance. Research and policy implications are also discussed.
