主动性社交网站使用与青少年友谊质量的关系:积极反馈和人际不确定性的中介作用

为探讨主动性社交网站使用、积极反馈、人际不确定性与青少年友谊质量的关系。采用主动性社交网站使用问卷、社交网站积极反馈问卷、人际不确定性问卷以及青少年友谊质量问卷对937名高中生进行调查研究,结果显示:(1)主动性社交网站使用与社交网站积极反馈和友谊质量均呈显著正相关,而与人际不确定性呈显著负相关;积极反馈与人际不确定性呈显著负相关,与友谊质量呈显著正相关;人际不确定性与友谊质量呈显著负相关;(2)主动性社交网站使用对青少年友谊质量具有显著的直接预测作用,且能够通过社交网站积极反馈以及人际不确定性的单独中介作用以及社交网站积极反馈人际不确定性的链式中介作用对青少年友谊质量产生影响。研究结果揭示了主动性社交网站使用对青少年友谊质量的作用机制,对引导青少年合理利用社交网站发展良好的友谊关系具有一定的启示作用。     

师生关系对研究生自我效能感的影响:有调节的中介模型

为探讨师生关系与自我效能感的关系,并着力考察专业认同和导师负面评价恐惧在其中所起的作用,采用一般自我效能感量表、研究生师生关系感知问卷、专业认同量表、害怕导师负面评价量表对458名研究生进行调查,结果发现：（1）师生关系可正向预测研究生自我效能感;专业认同在两者间起中介作用;（2）导师负面评价恐惧在师生关系通过专业认同影响自我效能感的中介模型后半段起调节作用,即对于导师负面评价恐惧较高的研究生来说,专业认同对其自我效能感的影响更大。研究结果揭示了师生关系对自我效能感的作用机制。     

ICU的核心内容及临床思维要点

危重症患者存在急性的、全身性的、动态发展的病理生理改变（临床综合征）。ICU主要任务是：准确地识别和有效地调整患者的这种病理生理学状态／过程,促使其稳定。对危重病患者病情分析判断的原则是：在综合分析的基础上,要动态观察各种指标的变化,包括对治疗的反应性;在整体晓念的指导下、要注意个体化的特殊性。诊疗原则是：抓住最主要的...     

Déjà vu现象理论及其相关实验研究述评

Déjà vu指任何对目前体验的一种不适宜的熟悉感,并伴随着对过去体验的不确定感。对déjà vu的进一步深入研究将澄清对记忆的认识。首先,文章阐述了déjà vu现象产生的理论解释;其次,将相关的实验研究概括为：阈下知觉实验研究和阈上知觉实验研究。最后,讨论了目前déjà vu研究中所存在的一些问题。     

Endurance factors improve hippocampal neurogenesis and spatial memory in mice

Physical activity improves learning and hippocampal neurogenesis. It is unknown whether compounds that increase endurance in muscle also enhance cognition. We investigated the effects of endurance factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ agonist GW501516 and AICAR, activator of AMP-activated protein kinase on memory and neurogenesis. Mice were injected with GW for 7 d or AICAR for 7 or 14 d. Two weeks thereafter mice were tested in the Morris water maze. AICAR (7 d) and GW improved spatial memory. Moreover, AICAR significantly, and GW modestly, elevated dentate gyrus neurogenesis. Thus, pharmacological activation of skeletal muscle may mediate cognitive effects.     

Not your mother's view: the dynamics of toddler visual experience

Human toddlers learn about objects through second-by-second, minute-by-minute sensory-motor interactions. In an effort to understand how toddlers' bodily actions structure the visual learning environment, mini-video cameras were placed low on the foreheads of toddlers, and for comparison also on the foreheads of their parents, as they jointly played with toys. Analyses of the head camera views indicate visual experiences with profoundly different dynamic structures. The toddler view often consists of a single dominating object that is close to the sensors and thus that blocks the view of other objects such that individual objects go in and out of view. The adult view, in contrast, is broad and stable, with all potential targets continually in view. These differences may arise for several developmentally relevant reasons, including the small visuo-motor workspace of the toddler (short arms) and the engagement of the whole body when actively handling objects.     

Seeing yourself helps you see others

It has been proposed that self-face representations are involved in interpreting facial emotions of others. We experimentally primed participants' self-face representations. In Study 1, we assessed eye tracking patterns and performance on a facial emotion discrimination task, and in Study 2, we assessed emotion ratings between self and nonself groups. Results show that experimental priming of self-face representations increases visual exploration of faces, facilitates the speed of facial expression processing, and increases the emotional distance between expressions. These findings suggest that the ability to interpret facial expressions of others is intimately associated with the representations we have of our own faces.     

婴儿关于物体支撑的直觉性物理知识

支撑问题是儿童朴素物理理论知识结构中的重要部分, 是指关于一个物体放在固体平面上是否稳定以及如何才能稳定的问题。支撑问题目前有两种主要实验方法。此领域中的主要实验研究使用这两种方法, 探索了婴儿获得与支撑相关的直觉性物理知识的发展过程及“先建立核心性的初始概念, 再以此为基础增加各类变量”的规律。目前研究中存在“范式单一、缺乏各类研究相互印证”的问题, 有待未来的研究进一步发展。     

Improved EM algorithm for MPT model analysis

Multinomialprocessing tree (MPT) models are in wide use as measurement models for analyzing categorical data in cognitive experiments. The approach involves estimating parameters and conducting hypothesis tests involving parameters that are arrayed in a tree structure designed to represent latent cognitive processes. The standard inference algorithm for these models is based on the well-known expectationmaximization (EM) algorithm. On the basis of the original use of the EMalgorithm for MPT models, this article presents an approach that accelerates the convergence speed of the algorithm by (1) adjusting suitable initial positions for certain parameters to reduce required iterative times and (2) using a series of operations between/among a set of matrices that are specific to the original model structure and information to reduce the time required for a single iteration. As compared with traditional algorithms, the simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has superior efficiency in interpreted languages and also has better algorithm readability and structure flexibility.     

不同归因取向的表扬对儿童失败后的影响效应

以103名小学五年级的儿童为被试,考察不同归因取向的表扬对儿童遭遇失败后的影响效应。结果发现：（1）接受能力取向表扬的儿童在遭遇失败后表现出无助取向的反应模式,接受努力取向表扬的儿童表现出掌握取向的反应模式;（2）接受能力取向表扬的儿童倾向于采取防御性的失败归因策略,将失败更多地归因于测试焦虑,但其对能力因素的归因仍高于努力组和控制组,接受努力取向表扬的儿童更多地将失败归因于努力因素;（3）接受能力取向表扬的儿童表现出自我设限倾向,他们报告更多的测试焦虑,并缩短后测的做题时间和更低的后测成绩。