挫折情境下自我肯定对执行功能的影响

为探讨挫折情境下自我肯定对执行功能的影响,创设挫折和非挫折情境,采用价值观自我肯定干预,通过Stroop范式和2-back范式分别测量抑制控制和工作记忆的刷新能力。结果发现,挫折情境下的Stroop任务和2-back任务反应时均高于非挫折情境;挫折情境下自我肯定组在Stroop任务和2-back任务上的反应时均显著低于非自我肯定组,而非挫折情境下两组的反应时没有显著性差异;Stroop效应量在情境与肯定条件上的交互作用不显著。结果表明挫折降低了执行功能的任务表现,自我肯定干预能够改善挫折情境下执行功能相关的任务成绩,促进了个体对工作记忆任务的刷新能力和Stroop任务的认知表现,但对抑制控制能力的改善没有明显作用。     

上海冬令膏方的民俗、医俗与药俗浅析

在上海地域范围内,冬令膏方的认知度、参与度、美誉度都很高;上海冬令膏方兼具传统医药和民俗两方面特点,民俗是底色,医俗是源头和核心,而药俗则最直观、可视程度最高;三“俗”的汇流与交融,造就了灿烂多姿的上海冬令膏方文化。上海冬令膏方的技艺与文化以群体传承为主,家庭(或家族)传承、社会传承为辅的特征十分突出;具有周期性特点,且集中在冬季的中医诊疗和中药炮制煎煮场所,带有明显的仪式和节日庆典风格,有多种文化符号表达。上海的中医药专家与当地百姓共同塑造了冬令膏方的习俗。

     

晚清民国癌症概念的翻译及流变

1805年以降,一大批西医概念“旅行”至我国,其中不乏全新概念,如cancer概念。中医自古便有“癰”“疽”“癰疽”等概念,它们以译词的形式参与到西医“癌症”知识最初在我国的传播,致使20世纪初,cancer概念同carbuncle概念的混淆。国人对“癌症”概念的容受随“癌”一名之确立发生于20世纪30年代前后,对其认知也随相关知识系统性传入、孙中山先生因癌病逝消息的蔓延及“癌”字隐喻用法的形成而愈发清晰。“癌”字最终的采纳则同时受日语新词大量导入及制度化因素的影响。通过考察西医“癌症”概念在我国的翻译及流变,得以管窥西医入华史一角。

     

“本己”抑或“他性”？——海德格尔与列维纳斯死亡观比较分析

海德格尔与列维纳斯都“直面”死亡问题,并对死亡的本性、自我与死亡的关系以及他人之死与自我的关系等问题做出充分回应。海德格尔认为死亡是始终“悬临”于此在生存之中的向终结存在的方式,死亡构成了此在最为本己的整体能在,并展现为主体“我-能”的意向性结构。列维纳斯却要打破生存论上的死亡“悬临”,消解主体的“我-能”,并将“向来属我”的死亡孤独转换为伦理学上“异质属他”的死亡责任,由此,死亡不再是此在为自身存在负责的方式而是为“他者”担负责任的伦理要求。

     

来自屏幕的纽带：视频聊天与儿童发展

随着近几年视频聊天的兴起, 越来越多的研究者开始探索视频聊天对儿童发展的影响。相较于传统通讯技术, 视频聊天具备了视听结合与即时互动的特征; 但同时, 作为数字媒体, 视频聊天仍然保持了传统屏幕媒体二维性的特征。汇总以往视频聊天与儿童学习的实证研究发现, 与录制视频教学比较, 视频聊天在婴幼儿词汇学习(d = 0.33)和动作学习(d = 0.90)上的教学效果更佳; 同时, 视频聊天也能够使婴幼儿在教学过程中保持较高的注意水平(d = 0.90)。视频聊天对儿童远距离亲子关系和同伴关系上均有一定的促进作用。视频聊天也可以作为一种辅助治疗手段应用于特殊儿童的干预中。未来研究仍需关注扩大视频聊天学习中儿童被试的年龄范围、共同观看者的不同支持行为对儿童视频聊天学习的效果产生的影响。     

高职院校教师职业压力的初步研究

本研究采用自编压力问卷和SCL-90问卷对397名高职院校教师进行测验,发现高职院校男女教师在总体职业压力方面并无显著差异,中青年组教师压力最大,各项压力因子与心理健康状况存在显著相关。根据调查结果,本文探讨了高职院校教师压力的原因与对策。     

Can false memories spontaneously recover?

Can false memories that were suppressed at one time spontaneously recover at a later time? Fuzzy trace theory and activation-monitoring theory predict that false memories in the Deese, Roediger, and McDermott (DRM) procedure become substantially reduced as list learning progresses because participants employ a memory-editing process. It follows that if the editing process is rendered less effective, false memories should spontaneously recover. We found that after DRM lists were well learned and false recognition to critical words was substantially reduced by multiple study-test trials, those false memories spontaneously recovered when participants were either rushed or delayed on a retest. We attributed the reduction in false recognition over trials to a memory-editing process that suppresses false recognition as participants gradually learn which words were in the lists and which words, though similar, were not. Rushing or delaying the participants on a retest made it more difficult for them to edit their memory, and false memories spontaneously returned.     

Gradual growth versus shape invariance in perceptual decision making

A dominant theme in modeling human perceptual judgments is that sensory neural activity is summed or integrated until a critical bound is reached. Such models predict that, in general, the shape of response time distributions change across conditions, although in practice, this shape change may be subtle. An alternative view is that response time distributions are shape invariant across conditions or groups. Shape invariance is predicted by some race models in which the first of several parallel fibers to communicate the signal determines the response. We competitively assess a specific gradual growth model, the one-bound diffusion model, against a natural shape-invariant competitor: shape invariance in an inverse Gaussian distribution. Assessment of subtle shape change versus shape invariance of response time distributions is aided by a Bayesian approach that allows the pooling of information across multiple participants. We find, conditional on reasonable distributional assumptions, subtle shape changes in response time that are highly concordant with a simple diffusion gradual growth model and discordant with shape invariance.     

Real temperature of nanoparticles in electron microscope beams

Abstract

This Letter presents a solution of the problem of the real temperature of nanoparticles under conditions of electron microscope beam irradiation. It is shown that the average temperature of the nanoparticles (NPs) may increase to several hundred degrees depending on contact conditions with the substrate, the intensity of the beam and the size of the NPs. The temperature increases with NP size a according to the dependence: T α a² for sufficiently small particles.