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991.
采用比较研究的实验范式,从偏离校准、优于常人、控制错觉和过分乐观三个效应上比较学习困难初中生和一般初中生的过度自信特点。结果显示:(1)在"偏离校准"效应上,学习困难初中生在困难任务中和学习一般初中生同样存在过度自信的认知偏差,但在简单任务中则存在不自信。(2)在"优于常人"效应上,学习困难初中生和学习一般初中生都存在过度自信的认知偏差。简单任务中,他们认为自己"优于常人",而困难任务中,他们认为自己"差于常人"。(3)在"控制错觉和过分乐观"效应上,学习困难初中生和学习一般初中生都存在过度自信的认知偏差。男生比女生的过度自信程度更大。 相似文献
992.
993.
Previous research has shown that body sway (both standing and seated) is related to the accuracy of affordance judgments. The authors investigated the influence of seated head and torso movement on the perception of a novel affordance for wheelchair locomotion. Healthy adults without prior wheelchair experience judged the lowest lintel under which they could roll in the wheelchair. Prior to judgments, participants were given brief (≈ 2 min) practice at self-controlled wheelchair locomotion. During practice, the participant's head either was or was not restrained within the wheelchair. During the subsequent judgment session, the participant's head was or was not restrained. The accuracy of affordance judgments was influenced by restraint during the practice session and also by restraint during the judgment session. The authors collected data on head movement during the judgment session (when participants were not restrained). These data revealed that movement during judgment sessions was influenced by whether or not participants were restrained during the practice session. Overall, the results reveal that the availability of head movements (i.e., being unrestrained) and the nature of head movements (during unrestrained judgment sessions) were causally related to the accuracy of affordance judgments. 相似文献
994.
The current study investigated the stability of peer victimization and the impact of the timing and duration of victimization on psychological and academic outcomes for boys and girls on a sample of 863 middle school students. Results demonstrated strong support for the onset hypothesis and concurrent effects of maladjustment in anxiety, depression, self-esteem, poor school attitude, GPA, and attendance. Support for the cessation hypothesis was mixed, depending on the outcome and gender: boys demonstrated recovery from internalizing distress, whereas girls demonstrated residual effects, even after the cessation of victimization. Girls also demonstrated residual effects of victimization on grades, and both boys and girls evidenced residual effects of victimization on attendance. Regarding duration of victimization, there was strong support for the life-events model of stress and coping across almost all outcomes, suggesting that even temporary experiences of victimization could have a negative impact on psychological and academic outcomes. Overall, results demonstrated the importance of considering the timing and duration of victimization in understanding the risks and damaging effects of victimization. The results from this study also highlight both the need and the potential to intervene during early adolescence when peer relationships are taking on increasing importance, as well as the importance of helping students regain social-emotional and academic functioning, even after victimization ceases. 相似文献
995.
Chien‐Cheng Chen Yin‐Mei Huang Tun‐Chun Huang I‐Chun Liu 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》2011,19(3):287-300
This study examines interview preparations (i.e., social preparation and background preparation) and impression management (IM) tactics (i.e., self‐focused IM and other‐focused IM) as the mechanisms between applicant personality characteristics and interviewer evaluation. Data were collected from both actual job applicants and interviewers. Results show that personality characteristics (i.e., extraversion and conscientiousness) have indirect effects on interviewer evaluation in terms of perceived person–job fit (P–J fit) and interpersonal liking through these two types of applicant behaviors. This study accomplishes two goals: (1) it extends the socioanalytic theory of personality ( Hogan, 1996 ) by testing the intervening roles played by applicants' behaviors that correspond to getting along with and getting ahead of others; and (2) it suggests that these applicant behaviors might be important cues for practical interviewers' effective assessment of applicants' performance‐related characteristics. 相似文献
996.
Chien‐Cheng Chen Yin‐Mei Huang Mei‐I. Lee 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》2011,19(4):374-387
Previous research has shown that résumé information (i.e., including both content and aesthetics) influences recruiters' hiring recommendations. This study extends previous research by proposing and testing a model that examines mediating processes underlying the relationship between résumé information and hiring recommendations in real employment interviews for actual job openings. Results from 62 interviewers of 30 firms partially supported our hypotheses and showed that the three types of recruiters' inferences (i.e., including professional knowledge, interpersonal skills, and general mental ability) from applicants' résumé information mediated the effects of résumé information on hiring recommendations. 相似文献
997.
自20世纪90年代初以来,中国公民社会研究日益成为热门领域。时至今日,尽管对于公民(市民)社会这一源于西方的术语是否适用中国还有争论,但学术界的研究文献早已汗牛充栋,公民社会一词也在大众传媒上频频出现。在讨论中国公民社会的发展前景时,制度环境多被认为是最主要的制约因素;也正因为如此,海外论者多用新生的(nascent)或初期的(incipient)来形容中国公民社会,有的甚至从根本上否认中国公民社会的存在及成长的可能性。当制度环境在短期内难以根本转变的情况下,中国公民社会发展之路何在?这无疑成为一个现实问题。 相似文献
998.
壮族巫术、巫师与巫医 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
壮族医学和壮族的巫术、巫师、巫医之间的关系是十分密切的。最初壮族医学起源于壮族巫术,最早的壮族巫医则产生于壮族巫师之中,并由巫医发展为民间医生。后来,随着科学文化的发展,壮族医学才从巫术中独立出来,成为一门专门的学科。壮族巫术、巫师与巫医的产生和发展,是壮族医学产生和发展过程中一个不可跨越和替代的历史阶段。 相似文献
999.
通过对"剩女"概念的界定和度量,并基于1995-2005数据的实证分析,对近年来媒体和社会上流行的"剩女危机"提出质疑,认为目前中国女性过剩实属伪命题,女性在各年龄组及受教育程度下都基本处于短缺状态.由于以往对"剩女"概念界定不清,常与"大龄未婚女性"等相混而使其夸大失实.普遍结婚仍然是社会的主流规范,越来越多的单身女性一时较难被社会所接纳.眼球经济与消费社会下又建构并催生出"剩女"概念. 相似文献
1000.
Babinski DE Pelham WE Molina BS Waschbusch DA Gnagy EM Yu J Sibley MH Biswas A 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(4):420-429
This study compared adult women with childhood ADHD to adult women without childhood ADHD and to adult men with childhood
ADHD. The participants, all from a larger longitudinal study, included 30 women and 30 men (approximately age 23 to 24) with
childhood ADHD, and 27 women without ADHD. Women with childhood ADHD were matched to comparison women on age, ethnicity, and
parental education, and to men with childhood ADHD on age, ethnicity, and IQ. Self- and parent-reports of internalizing, interpersonal,
academic, and job impairment, as well as substance use and delinquency indicated group differences on measures of self-esteem,
interpersonal and vocational functioning, as well as substance use. Follow-up planned comparison tests revealed that almost
all of these differences emerged by diagnostic status, and not by gender. This study adds to research on the negative adult
outcomes of ADHD and demonstrates that the outcomes of men and women with childhood ADHD are relatively similar. 相似文献