成语具体性效应的眼动研究

分别采用命名任务和眼动技术进行了两项实验,考察成语是否存在具体性效应.实验为2(具体性:具体成语、抽象成语)×2(成语频率:高频、低频)的完全被试内设计.实验一的32名大学生被试的反应时数据显示,四字成语存在具体性效应,频率和具体性之间存在交互作用；实验二将成语放在句中进行自然阅读,并使用Eyelink-Ⅱ型眼动仪对被试的眼动数据进行采集.23名大学生被试的数据结果显示,具体性效应依然存在,且只出现在低频成语中.具体性效应发生在加工的早期和晚期阶段,成语的字面意义参与加工.     

从《太平经》看早期道教的孝道思想

孝道思想是道教的重要内容,其产生时间较早,并受到道教产生前背景观念的影响。道教早期文献《太平经》具有大量道教孝道思想的表达,并且具有代表性。本文通过对早期道教孝道思想产生的背景和对《太平经》文本的分析,得出道教早期孝道思想两重意蕴,即世俗层面和神圣层面,并指出道教孝道思想的最终落脚点在效法天地、顺其自然。     

道教内丹诗歌的美学鉴赏

内丹诗是描写道教内丹修炼过程和内丹体验的诗歌,作为一种宗教诗歌,它虽然承载着丰富的宗教内容,但决不只是表现宗教内容的符号,同时也具有诗歌自身独特的审美价值.     

政绩驱动下的工会行动——对F厂工会主动介入生产管理过程的调查与思考

F厂是隶属于某集团公司的一家国有独资企业。自2008年10月1日以后,F厂工会主动介入生产管理过程,牵头开展了"生产操作无差错"和"修旧利废"活动。这两项活动并非工会必须开展的本职工作,F工会之所以要超常规地开展这两项活动,主要是出于追求政绩的考虑。那么,F厂工会为什么要选择以这种方式来追求政绩?我们应该如何看待这种追求政绩的做法?本文力图回答这些问题。     

Prenatal choline supplementation alters the timing, emotion, and memory performance (TEMP) of adult male and female rats as indexed by differential reinforcement of low-rate schedule behavior

Choline availability in the maternal diet has a lasting effect on brain and behavior of the offspring. To further delineate the impact of early nutritional status, we examined effects of prenatal-choline supplementation on timing, emotion, and memory performance of adult male and female rats. Rats that were given sufficient choline (CON: 1.1 g/kg) or supplemental choline (SUP: 5.0 g/kg) during embryonic days (ED) 12-17 were trained with a differential reinforcement of low-rate (DRL) schedule that was gradually transitioned through 5-, 10-, 18-, 36-, and 72-sec criterion times. We observed that SUP-females emitted more reinforced responses than CON-females, which were more efficient than both groups of males. In addition, SUP-males and SUP-females exhibited a reduction in burst responding (response latencies <2 sec) compared with both groups of CON rats. Furthermore, despite a reduced level of burst responding, the SUP-males made more nonreinforced responses prior to the DRL criterion as a result of maintaining the previous DRL criterion following transition to a new criterion. In summary, long-lasting effects of prenatal-choline supplementation were exhibited by reduced frustrative DRL responding in conjunction with the persistence of temporal memory in SUP-males and enhanced temporal exploration and response efficiency in SUP-females.     

Effects of kindergarten retention on children's social-emotional development: an application of propensity score method to multivariate, multilevel data

This study examines the effects of kindergarten retention on children's social-emotional development in the early, middle, and late elementary years. Previous studies have generated mixed results partly due to some major methodological challenges, including selection bias, measurement error, and divergent perceptions of multiple respondents in different domains of child development. The authors address these challenges by using propensity score stratification to contend with selection bias and by embedding measurement models in hierarchical models to account for measurement error and to model dependence among observations. The authors' analyses of a series of multivariate models enable them to compare the retention effects across different respondents over different time points. In general, the results show no evidence suggesting that kindergarten retention does harm to children's social-emotional development. Rather, the findings suggest that, had the retained kindergartners been promoted to the first grade instead, they would possibly have developed a lower level of self-confidence and interest in reading and all school subjects 2 years later and would have displayed a higher level of internalizing problem behaviors at the end of the treatment year and 2 years later.     

急救站救助不及时的侵权——因果关系之确认与按比例赔偿

急救站的救治属院外急救,是急救医学的重要组成部分,而及时性是此类救治的生命所在。论述救护站救护不及时侵权的概念、类型、特点、因果关系和损害赔偿等相关内容,着重讨论英美法系的存活机会损失理论和大陆法系的相当因果关系说在此类侵权诉讼中的应用及两种理论的共同落脚点,即按比例赔偿理论。     

Why does writing about important values reduce defensiveness? Self-affirmation and the role of positive other-directed feelings

ABSTRACT Previous research has repeatedly shown that writing about an important value, compared with writing about an unimportant value, reduces defensiveness in response to self-threatening information, but has not identified why. Study 1 showed that participants who wrote about an important value reported more positive other-directed feelings, such as love and connection, than participants who wrote about an unimportant value. Study 2 replicated this effect, and showed that loving and connected feelings, but not positive or negative self-directed feelings, completely accounted for the effect of a values-affirmation manipulation on smokers' acceptance of information indicating that smoking harms health. These studies, in concert with previous research, suggest that values affirmation reduces defensiveness via self-transcendence, rather than self-integrity (i.e., self-worth or self-images).